英汉翻译教学课件

【推】英汉翻译教学课件（汇总8篇）

英汉翻译教学课件1

　　纸箱Carton 瓦椤纸箱 Corrugated Carton

　　旧瓦椤纸箱 Old Corrugated Carton(O．C．C．)木箱 Wooden Case 板条箱 Crate 木条箱 Wooden Crate

　　竹条箱 Bamboo Crate 胶合板箱 Plywood Case

　　三层夹板箱 3--Ply Plywood Case 镀锡铁皮胎木箱Tin Lined Wooden Case盒Box 木盒Wooden Box

　　铁盒Iron Box 塑料透明盒 Plastic Transparency Box

　　苯乙烯盒 Styrol Box 袋Bag(Sack)

　　布袋 Cloth Bag 草袋 Straw Bag

　　麻袋 Gunny Bag／Jute Bag 旧麻袋 Used Gunny Bag／Old Gunny Bag新麻袋 New Gunny Bag 尼龙袋 Nylon Bag

　　聚丙烯袋 Polypropylene Bag 聚乙烯袋 Polythene Bag

　　塑料袋 Poly Bag 塑料编织袋 Polywoven Bag

　　纤维袋 Fibre Bag 玻璃纤维袋 Gla Fibre Bag

　　玻璃纸袋 Callophane Bag 防潮纸袋 Moisture Proof Pager Bag

　　乳胶袋子Emulsion Bag 锡箔袋 Fresco Bag 特大袋 Jumbo Bag

　　单层完整袋子Single Sound Bag 桶 Drum

　　木桶 Wooden Cask 大木桶 Hogshead

　　小木桶 Keg 粗腰桶(琵琶桶)Barrel

　　胶木桶 Bakelite Drum 塑料桶 Plastic Drum

　　铁桶 Iron Drum 镀锌铁桶 Galvanized Iron Drum

　　镀锌闭口钢桶 Galvanized Mouth Closed Steel Drum

　　镀锌开口钢桶 Galvanized Mouth Opened Steel Drum

　　铝桶 Aluminum Drum 麻布包 Gunny Bale(Heian Cloth Bag)

　　蒲包 Mat Bale 草包 Straw Bale

　　紧压包 Pre Packed Bale 铝箔包 Aluminium Foil Package

　　铁机包 Hard-preed Bale 木机包Half-preed Bale

　　覃（缸）Jar 陶缸 Earthen Jar 瓷缸 Porcelain Jar

　　壶 Pot 铅壶 Lead Pot 铜壶Copper Pot

　　施 Bottle 铝瓶 Aluminum Bottle 陶瓶 Earthen Bottle

　　瓷瓶 Porcelain bottle 罐 Can 听 Tin 绕线筒 Bobbin

　　笼（篓、篮、筐）Basket 竹笼（篓、篮、筐）Bamboo Basket

　　柳条筐（笼、篮、筐）Wicker Basket 集装箱 Container

　　集装包/集装袋 Flexible Container 托盘 Pallet

　　件(支、把、个)Piece 架(台、套)Set(Kit)

　　安瓿 Amp(o)ule(药针支)双 Pair

　　打 Dozen 令 Ream 匹 Bolt(Piece)码Yard

　　卷（Roll(reel)块Block 捆 Bundle 瓣 Braid

　　度 Degree 辆 Unit(Cart)套（罩）Casing

　　包装形状 Shapes of Packing 圆形 Round 方形Square

　　三角形 Triangular(Delta Type)长方形(矩形)Rectangular

　　菱形(斜方形)Rhombus(Diamond)椭圆形 Oval 圆锥形 Conical圆柱形 Cylindrical 蛋形 Egg-Shaped 葫芦形 Pear-Shaped

　　五边形 Pentagon 六边形 Hexagon 七边形 Heptagon 八边形 Octagon

　　长 Long 宽 Wide 高 High 深 Deep 厚 Thick 长度 Length

　　宽度 Width 高度 Height 深度 Depth

　　厚度 Thickne 包装外表标志 Marks On Packing

　　下端，底部 Bottom 顶部(上部)Top(Upper)

　　小心 Care 勿掷 Don’t Cast

　　易碎 Fragile 小心轻放,小心装运 Handle With Care

　　起吊点(此处起吊)Heave Here 易燃物，避火 Inflammable

　　保持干燥，防泾 Keep Dry 防潮 keep Away from Moisture

　　储存阴冷处 Keep in a Cool Place 储存干燥处 Keep in a Dry Place

　　请勿倒置 Keep Upright 请勿倾倒 Not to Be Tipped

　　避冷 To be Protected from Cold 避热 To be Protected from Heat

　　在滚子上移动 Use Rollers 此方向上 This Side Up

　　由此开启 Open from This Side 爆炸品Explosive

　　易燃品 Inflammable 遇水燃烧品 Dangerous When Wet

　　有毒品 Poison 无毒品 No Poison

　　不可触摩 Hand off 适合海运包装 Seaworthy Packing

　　毛重 Gro Weight()净重 Net Weight()

　　皮重 Tare Weight 包装唛头 Packing Mark

　　包装容积 Packing Capacity 包袋件数 Packing Number

　　小心玻璃 Gla 易碎物品 Fragile

　　易腐货物 Perishable 液体货物 Liquid

　　切勿受潮 Keep Dry／Caution Against Wet 怕冷 To Be Protected from Cold

　　怕热 To Be Protected from Heat 怕火 Inflammable

　　上部，向上 Top 此端向上 This Side Up

　　勿用手钩 Use No Hooks 切勿投掷 No Dumping

　　切勿倒置 Keep Upright 切勿倾倒 No Turning Over

　　切勿坠落Do Not Drop／No Dropping 切勿平放 Not to Be Laid Flat

　　切勿压挤 Do Not Crush 勿放顶上 Do Not Stake on Top

　　放于凉处Keep Cool／Stow Cool 干处保管Keep in Dry Place

　　勿放湿处 Do Not Stow in Damp Place 甲板装运 Keep on Deck

　　装于舱内 Keep in Hold 勿近锅炉 Stow Away from Boiler

　　必须平放 Keep Flat/Stow Level 怕光 Keep in Dark Place

　　怕压 Not to Be Stow Below Other Cargo 由此吊起 Lift Here

　　挂绳位置 Sling Here 重心 Centre of Balance

　　着力点Point of Strength 用滚子搬运 Use Rollers

　　此处打开 Opon Here 暗室开启 Open in Dark Room

　　先开顶部 Romove Top First 怕火，易燃物 Inflammable

　　氧化物 Oxidizing Material 腐蚀品 Corrosive

　　压缩气体compreed Gas 易燃压缩气体Inflammable compreed Gas

　　毒品 Poison 爆炸物 Explosive

　　危险品 Hazardous Article 放射性物质Material Radioactive

　　立菱形 Upright Diamond 菱形 Diamond Phombus

　　双菱形 Double Diamond 内十字菱形 Gro in Diamond

　　四等分菱形 Divided Diamond 突角菱形Diamond with Projecting Ends

　　斜井形 Projecting Diamond 内直线菱形 Line in Diamond

　　内三线突角菱形 Three Line in Projecting Diamond 三菱形 Three Diamond

　　附耳菱形 Diamond with Looped Ends 正方形 Square Box

　　长方形 Rectangle 梯形 Echelon Formation

　　平行四边形 Parallelogram 井筒形 Intersecting Parallels

　　五边形 Pentagon 六边形 Hexagon

　　长六边形 Long Hexagon 圆形 Circle/Round

　　二等分圆 Bisected Circle 双环形 Croed Circle

　　双圆形 Double Circle 双带圆形 Zoned Circle

　　长圆形 Long Circle 椭圆形 Oval

　　双缺圆形 Double Indented Circle 圆内三角形 Triangle in Circle

　　三角形 Triangle 六角星形 Hexangular Star

　　二重三角形 Double Triangle 对顶三角形 Hourgra Touching Triangle

　　内外三角形 Three Triangle 十字形 Cro

　　圆内十字形 Cro in Circle 山角形 Angle

　　义架形 Crotch 直线 Line

　　月牙形 Crescent 心形 Heart

　　星形 Star 包装情况 Packing Condition

　　散装 In Bulk 块装 In Block

　　条装 In Spear 片装 In Slice

　　捆(扎)装 In Bundle 裸装 In Nude

　　裸散装 Bare in Loose 木托架立装 Straightly Stand on Wooden Shelf

　　传统包装 Traditional Packing 中性包装 Neutral Packing

　　水密Water Tight 气密 Air Tight

　　不透水包 Water Proof Packing 不透气包 Air Proof Packing

　　薄膜 Film Membrane 透明纸 Transparent Paper

　　牛皮纸 Kraft Paper 地沥青牛皮纸Bituminous Kraft Paper

　　腊纸 Waxpaper 厚板纸 Cardboard Paper

　　蒲、苇 Bulrush mat 防水纸 Water Proof Paper

　　保丽龙（泡沫塑料）Poly Foam(SnowBox)竹条Bamboo Batten

　　竹篾 Bamboo Skin 狭木条Batten

　　铜丝 Bra Wire 铁丝 Iron Wire

　　铁条 Iron Rod 扣箍 Buckle

　　外捆麻绳Bound with Rope Externally

　　外裹蒲包,加捆铁皮Bale？Matted Iron-band-strapped Outside

　　块装外加塑料袋Block Covered with Poly Bag

　　每件外套一塑料袋 Each Piece Wrapped in a Poly Bag

　　机器榨包不带包皮Pre Packed Bale without Wrapper

　　机器榨包以铁皮捆扎 Pre Packed in Iron Hooped Bale

　　用牢固的纸箱装运 Packed in Strong Carton

　　适合于长途海洋运输 Suitable for Long Distance Ocean Transportation

　　适合出口海运包装 Packed in Seaworthy Carton for Export

　　全幅卷筒 Full with Rolled on Tube

　　每卷用素包聚乙烯袋装 Each Roll in Plain Poly Bag

　　混色混码 With Aorted Colours Sizes

　　每隔--码烫有边印With Selvedge Stamped Internally at Every--Yards

　　用…隔开 Portioned with 纸屑 Paper Scrap 纸条 Paper Slip

　　纸带 Paper Tape 纸层 Paper Wool 泡沫塑料 Foamed Plastics

　　泡沫橡胶Foamed Rubber

　　帆布袋内充水 Canvas Bag Filled with Water

　　包内衬薄纸 Lined with Thin Paper

　　内衬锡箔袋 Lined with Frescobag

　　内置充气氧塑料袋 Inner Poly Bag Filled with Oxygen

　　内衬牛皮纸 Lined with Kraft Paper

　　内衬防潮纸、牛皮纸 Lined with Moist Proof Paper &Kraft Paper

　　铝箔包装 In Aluminium Foil Packing

　　木箱内衬铝箔纸Lined with Aluminium Foil in the Wooden Case

　　双层布袋外层上浆 Double Cloth Bag with Outer Bag Starched

　　外置木箱 Covered with Wooded Case

　　外绕铁皮 Bound with Iron Bands Externally

　　胶木盖Bakelite Cover

　　外绕铁丝二道 Bound with Two Bands 0f Metal Wires Outside

　　标签上标有：Labels Were Marked with

　　纸箱上标有Cartons Were Marked with

　　包装合格 Proper Packing

　　包装完整 Packing Intact

　　包装完好 Packing Sound

　　正规出口包装 Regular Packing for Export

　　表面状况良好 Apparently in Good Order& Condition

　　包装不妥 Improper Packing

　　包装不固 Insufficiently Packed

　　包装不良 Negligent Packing

　　包装残旧玷污 Packing Stained &Old

　　箱遭水渍 Cartons Wet &Stained

　　外包装受水湿 With Outer Packing Wet

　　包装形状改变 Shape of Packing Distorted

　　铁皮失落 Iron Straps Off 钉上 Nailed on

　　尺寸不符 Off Size 袋子撕破 Bags Torn 箱板破 Case Plank Broken

　　单层牛皮纸袋内衬塑编布包装，25公斤／包 Packed in Single Kraft Paper Bag Laminated with PE Wovenbag 25Kgs Net Eash

　　三层牛皮纸袋内加一层塑料袋装，25公斤／包 Packed in 3-ply Kraft Paper Bags with PE Liner,25Kgs/bag

　　牛皮纸袋内压聚乙烯膜包装，25公斤／包 Packed in Kraft Paper Iaminated with Polyethylene Film of 25Kgs Net Each

　　两端加纸条 With a Paper Band at Both Ends

　　木箱装，***以螺栓固定于箱底，箱装完整 Packed in Woodencase,the***was(were)Mounted with Bolts on the Bottom of the Intact.木箱装，箱装箱装运，箱装完好Packed in Woodencases with Container Sound.塑料编织集装袋装，内衬塑料薄膜袋，集装箱装运，每箱20袋

　　Packed in Plastic Woven Flexible Container,Lined with Plastic Film Bags,Shipped in Container,20Bags for Each.铁桶装，每桶净重190公斤。Packed in Iron Drums and Each Drum Net 190kgs

　　木箱包装,内装2卷。每卷用塑料薄膜牛皮纸包裹，箱外铁带捆扎。

　　Packed in Wooden Case with 2 Reels Inside and Each Reel Was Wrapped with Poly-Membrane and Kraf was Bound with Iron Belts Externally.木箱包装，内装5卷，每卷用塑料薄膜及中性纸包裹，箱外铁带捆扎。

　　Packed in Wooden Case with 5 Reels Inside and Every Reel was Wrapped with Poly-Membrane and Neutral Cases were Bound with Ironbelts Externally.筒装,纸箱装,箱外三道纺织袋捆扎,包装完好.Rolled on Tube and Packed with with Three Woven Belts Sound.木托架包装,用纤维板、塑料薄膜及瓦愣纸皮包裹，外用铁带捆扎，再用铁带固定于集装箱内 Straightly Stand on Wooden Pallet and Wrapped with Fibre Borad,Plastic Membrane &Kraft Paper

　　Board Bound with iron Belts Externally and Then Mounted in the Container with Iron Belt.布包包装，包装完好Packed in Gunny Sound 塑料纺织袋装，包装完好。Packed in Packing Sound.木箱装，箱装完整 Packed in Wooden Intact纸箱装，箱装完好 Packed in Cartons Packing Sound

　　托盘纸箱装，箱内衬一层塑料薄膜，包装完好 Packed in Cartons on Pallet and Lined with Single Polymembrane Sound．

　　双层纸箱装，外扎四道塑料腰带，内裹牛皮纸，包装完好。

　　Packed imply Cartons,Lined with Kraft Paper and Bound with Four Plastic Belts Sound.原产加厚聚乙烯袋装，每袋净重25公斤，集装箱运 2Skgs Net Originally Manufactured Heavy Duty Polyethylene in Container.托盘装,包装良好。Packed on Pallets,Packing Sound.卷筒装，包装良好。Rolled on Tubes。Packing Sound．

　　编织包包装，包装完好． Packed in wovenbales．Packing Sound.木箱包装，6．0mm×430mm规格中，除1箱装3卷外，其余为8卷装，695mm×300mm规格为6卷装，箱内用塑料薄膜包裹，每卷再用塑料薄膜包裹

　　Packed in Wooden Case,for Specification ×430mm,except One Case Packed with Three were Packed with Eight Reels Respectively;for Specification ×300mm, Every Case was Packed with Six inner Reels were Wrapped with a Poly-mumbrane and Each Reel was wrapped with a Poly-membrane Again.双层纸箱装，外扎四道塑料腰带，内裹牛皮纸，包装完好。

　　Packed in 2 Ply Cartons,Lined with Kraft Paper and Bound with Four Plastic Belts Externally Packing Sound.麻袋装，包装完好。Packed in Gunny Bales Packing Sound.集装箱装运，箱号***,集装箱外观完整，箱号清晰，封识完好。货物纸箱包装，包装完好。Shipped with Container No.*** with Intact Appearance,Clear Number And Sound Goods Were Packed in Cartons and Packing Sound.

英汉翻译教学课件2

　　the most-favored-nation clause最惠国条款

　　A rolling stone gathers no mo 滚石不生苔

　　the Trojan horse 特洛伊木马 the heel of Achilles阿喀琉斯之踵 Blood is thicker than water.血溶于水

　　with a heavy heart 心情沉重； more haste, le speed 欲速则不达

　　to praise to the skies捧上天去 to be on thin ice 如履薄冰 Walls have ears.隔墙有耳

　　As stubborn as a mule犟得象头牛 To fish in the air 水中捞月 To drink like a fish牛饮

　　to be at the end of one’s rope山穷水尽

　　to spend money like water挥金如土/花钱如流水

　　have an axe on the grind醉翁之意不在酒

　　A wet blanket一个令人扫兴的人 like a fish out of water.很不自在 be born with a silver spoon in her mouth生长在富贵之家

　　Like father, like son.有其父，必有其子Least said, sooner mended.说得少，错的少

　　Out of sight, out of mind.眼不见，心不想

　　Penny wise, pound foolish.小事聪明，大事糊涂

　　where there’s a will, there’s a way.有志者，事竟成 a white elephant毫无用处 in the red惨淡经营

　　heads or tails?正面还是反面 Where is the head?（船）厕所在哪里?

　　man-of-war 战舰 soft money纸币

　　soft breeze微风

　　soft words温暖的话语

　　to be on tenterhooks(心情烦乱，焦急，紧张)

　　cut a joke插科打诨

　　speak one’s mind畅所欲言 be after one’s own heart称心如意

　　At one’s finger-tips了如指掌

　　fish in troubled waters浑水摸鱼 thousands upon thousands of 成千上万

　　in deep water水深火热

　　turn up one’s nose at嗤之以鼻 skins and bones皮包骨头 touch and go一触即发

　　from the cradle to the grave一生一世

　　hit the nail on the head一语道破 turn a deaf ear to充耳不闻

　　Be head and shoulders above others出人头地

　　Pick a hole in sb’s coat吹毛求疵 burn one’s boat.破釜沉舟 make a fu about大惊小怪 look for a needle in a bundle of hay大海捞针

　　talk black into white颠倒黑白 have one’s nose in the air得意忘形

　　worship the rising sun攀龙附凤 hit the ceiling;fly into a rage大发雷霆

　　hold a wolf by the ears骑虎难下 turn a blind eye to视而不见 Look before you leap.三思而后行．

　　make hay while the sun shines.趁热打铁．

　　there is no smoke without fire.无风不起浪．

　　ill news travels fast.恶事传千里． Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧． Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言辞．

　　East and west, home is best.金窝银窝，不如自己的狗窝． All is fish that comes to the net.拉入篮里就是菜．

　　Everything comes to him who waits.皇天不负苦心人．

　　the moon is not seen when the sun shines.小巫见大巫．

　　went through fire and flood赴汤蹈火

　　have a lucky star above you.福星高照

　　reaping what he has sown.咎由自

　　取

　　Between the devil and the deep sea进退维谷

　　throws her cares to the winds.把忧愁抛至九霄云外

　　fair without but foul within.口蜜腹剑

　　has a ready tongue伶牙利齿 light-fingered gentry梁上君子 on the downgrade每况愈下

　　throw dust into the eye of迷人眼目 searching his heart扪心自问 rolled up his sleeves摩拳擦掌 do our level best全力以赴 swallow the insult忍气吞声 come to the end of their tether.走投无路

　　Eating the bread of idlene游手好

　　闲

　　set the wolf to keep the sheep引狼入室

　　shooting off his mouth信口开河 does not know the first thing of一窍不通

　　hot potatoes棘手

　　A bird in the bush.未到手的东西 warm snakes in our bosoms.姑息坏

　　人

　　separate the sheep from the goats.把好坏分清楚

　　Blowing hot and cold.反复无常 hoes his own potatoes.只管自己的事

　　Lick sb’s boots 巴结

　　stick to one’s last安分守己

　　keep one’s hat 保密 eat one’s heart out极度悲痛 be in irons被监禁

　　Eat like a bird吃得极少 break the ice打破僵局

　　jump out one’s skin大吃一惊 walk on air得意洋洋 get the green light得到许可 turn thumbs down on sth.反对 trifling鸡毛蒜皮

　　come straight to the point开门见山 do 狗急跳

　　walk off with sth顺手牵羊

　　trust to chance and stroke of luck

　　守株待兔

　　An impregnable fortre铜墙铁壁

　　Engage in a battle of words唇枪舌Crocodile tears鳄鱼的眼泪； Armed to the teeth武装到牙齿；

　　chain reaction连锁反应；

　　Gentlemen’s agreement君子协定；

　　One country, two systems一国两See Marx见马克思； Kick the bucket蹬腿;Go to heaven上天堂； Blow out the candles吹灯拔蜡； as white as snow白如雪

　　spring up like mushrooms雨后春

　　笋

　　Everybody's busine is nobody's

　　Busine.三个和尚没水喝

　　Among the blind the one-eyed man

　　is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王 剑at one’s wit’s end黔驴技穷 all by oneself单枪匹马 bursting with energy生龙活虎predestined relationship缘分 blood relationship血缘 relations with people人缘 predestined marriage姻缘 制；Paper tiger纸老虎； The three religions and the nineschools of thought三教九流 The long sleep长眠； predestination前世因缘 Go west上西天；

１．It is quite another story now.现在情形完全不同了．

young man came to Scotts office with a story.一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案．

is a long story.说起来话就长了．

’ll be very happy if that story holds up.如果这一说法能够成立，那他就太高兴了．

white-haired girl’s story is one of the saddest.白毛女的遭遇可算是最悲惨的了．

　　6．After the fall of France, Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea.法国崩溃之后，德国陆军大大超过英国，空军力量旗鼓相当，海军则严重处于劣势．

her youthful craving for knowledge, her aspiring spirit, made her read on eagerly whether she understood or not.可是青年人热烈的求知欲望和好高骛远的劲头，管它懂不懂，她还是如饥如渴地读下去．

is a good workman that never blunders.智者千虑，必有一失．

　　9．It is a long lane that has no end.路必有弯

is an ill wind that blows nobody good.坏事未必对人人都有害处．

’s a good horse that never stumbles好马也有失蹄时．

cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮．

’t try to show off your proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter.别班门弄斧．

is just as the proverb goes, “The onlooker sees most of the game.” 这真是俗话说的，“旁观者清”．

was practically on my knees but he still refused.我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝．

two sisters were usually in agreement on most iues, but they were at swords’ points on the matter of abortion.在很多问题上姐妹俩的意见通常是一致的，但在人工流产问题上，她们是有激烈的争执的．

is a rolling don’t think he can go far.他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息．

I only got the news at second hand, I took it with a grain of salt.这个消息我只是间接听来的，所以并不完全相信．

must bare my heart to someone, or I shall go mad!我一定要向人讲真心话，否则我会发疯的！

’ll break my neck to get this done by Friday, but I can’t promise for sure.我一定要尽最大的努力在星期五以前完成此事，但我不能说定．

this means she cast in a bone between the wife and the husband.她用这种手段离间这对夫妻．

thinks by all this fast talking and flattery he can pull the wool over her eyes, but she isn’t deceived.他以为像这样花言巧语加上奉承就可以蒙蔽她，但她没有受骗．

matter was finally settled under the table.事情终于私下解决了．

　　24.那位小伙子真是喝了大胆汤.That young man has great courage, indeed!

　　25.别人家里鸡零狗碎的事情你都知道得这么全,真是个顺风耳啊!You know all the bits and pieces of trifles of other are really well 让我们一直往前走吧,不要三心二意.Let’s go straight ’t be 他这几天心里七上八下,老是安静不下来.His mind was in a turmoil these days and he was quite unable to think 这些问题盘根错节,三言两语说不清楚.These problems are too complicated to be explained clearly in a few 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.

英汉翻译教学课件3

　　奥巴马《勇往直前》第一章（6）原创中英对照

　　it was Bill Clinton’s singularcontribution that he tried to transcend this deadlock,recognizing not only that what had come to be meant by the labelsof “conservative” and “liberal” played to Republican advantage, butthat the categories were inadequate to addre the problems times during his first campaign, his gestures towarddisaffected Reagan Democrats could seem clumsy and transparent(what ever happened to Sister Souljah?)or frighteninglycoldhearted(allowing the execution of a mentally retarded deathrow inmate to go forward on the eve of an important primary).Inthe first two years of his presidency, he would be toabandon some core elements of his platform—universal health care,aggreive investment in education and training—that might havemore decisively reversed the long-term trends that were underminingthe position of working families in the new economy.克林顿（BillClinton）总统一人独辟蹊径，试图打破这种意识形态的僵局，他认识到在政客身上打上“保守派”和“自由派”的标签渐渐趋向有利于共和党，也发现了解决我们面对的问题的手段不足。在他第一次竞选总统时，他在处理愤愤不平的民主党里根支持者（传统上是民主党人，特别是北方的白人工人阶级，但在里根竞选总统时投票给共和党）的手法上显得有些笨拙和直率（索尔嘉妹妹是怎么啦？1992年克林顿在竞选时严厉谴责政治立场激进而且喜好饶舌的女歌星SisterSouljah，并因此而赢得了中间选民的支持），或者是令人寒心的冷淡无情（在重要的初选前夕提前对一个智障精神病的死囚执行死刑）。在总统任期的前2年，他被迫放弃了自己政治纲领中的一些核心原则——全民卫生保健计划，对教育和培训的积极投资——因此可能导致决定性地颠倒了美国长期发展趋势，这种趋势正在削弱新经济体中工作家庭的地位。

　　still, he instinctively understoodthe falsene of the choices being presented to the saw that government spending and regulation could, ifproperly designed, serve as vital ingredients and not inhibitors toeconomic growth, and how markets and fiscal discipline could helppromote social recognized that not only societalresponsibility but personal responsibility was needed to his platform—if not always in his day-to-daypolitics—Clinton’s Third Way went beyond splitting the tapped into the pragmatic, nonideological attitude of themajority of Americans.但，他本能地意识到这是个错误的选择，他注意到如果能够合理安排政府开支和政府规章的话，会成为经济的发展中至关重要的因素而且不会产生抑制作用，市场和财政自律能够有助于促进社会公平。他认识到扫除贫穷不仅是社会机构的责任，也是每个人的责任。在克林顿总统的政治纲领中——并不一定呈现于他每日的政治活动中——他的第三条路线政策（ThirdWay，是介于自由放任资本主义和福利国家之间的一种发展模式。由于它与里根以前的自由主义政策以及里根后的保守主义政策都不一样，故称之为第三条道路）远不仅仅是折中路线。它迎合了注重实效的、无意识形态的大多数美国人的性情。

　　indeed, by the end of hispresidency, Clinton’s policies—recognizably progreive if modestin their goals—enjoyed broad public , he hadwrung out of the Democratic Party some of the excees that hadkept it from winning he failed, despite a boomingeconomy, to translate popular policies into anything resembling agoverning coalition said something about the demographicdifficulties Democrats were facing(in particular, the shift inpopulation growth to an increasingly solid Republican South)andthe structural advantages the Republicans enjoyed in the Senate,where the votes of two Republican senators from Wyoming, population493,782, equaled the votes of two Democratic senators fromCalifornia, population 33,871,648.实际上，在他总统任期结束时，克林顿的政策——如果谦虚一点地说，被公认为进步策略——得到了广大民众的支持。从政治上来说，为了竞选胜利，他削弱了某些民主党的政治优势。在这方面他失败了，尽管国家经济繁荣，但是将受欢迎的政策转变为两党治理联合的形式，说明民主党正在面临着人口分布带来的难题（特别是，人口增长使得共和党南方阵营日益稳固），并且共和党在国会享有组织结构优势，因为在国会中，两张来自怀俄明州（人口49万3782）共和党参议员的投票与两张来自加州（人口3387万1648）民主党参议员的投票具有相同的效力。

　　But that failure also testified tothe skill with which Gingrich, Rove, Norquist, and the like wereable to consolidate and institutionalize the conservative tapped the unlimited resources of corporate sponsors andwealthy donors to create a network of think tanks and brought state-of-the-art technology to the task ofmobilizing their base, and centralized power in the House ofRepresentatives in order to enhance party discipline.但是这方面的失败也是拜金里奇,罗夫和罗奎斯特等人的所赐，他们有能力巩固并制度化保守党的政治运动。他们利用企业赞助者和富有捐赠者的无限资源建造了一个政治智囊团和媒体渠道的网络。他们应用这种艺术级别的政治活动方式来动员基层党员，而且为了加强党纪，将众议院的权力集中化。

　　And they understood the threatClinton posed to their vision of a long-term conservative majority,which helps explain the vehemence with which they went after also explains why they invested so much time attacking Clinton’smorality, for if Clinton’s policies were hardly radical, hisbiography(the draft letter saga, the marijuana puffing, the IvyLeague intellectualism, the profeional wife who didn’t bakecookies, and most of all the sex)proved perfect grist for theconservative enough repetition, a loosene with thefacts, and the ultimately undeniable evidence of the President’sown personal lapses, Clinton could be made to embody the verytraits of sixties liberalism that had helped spur the conservativemovement in the first may have fought that movementto a draw, but the movement would come out stronger for it—and inGeorge ’s first term, that movement would take over theUnited States government.而且他们也明白克林顿总统对长期占据议会中多数席位的共和党所形成的威胁，这也解释了为何他们如此热衷于对付克林顿。这同样解释了为何他们花了如此多时间攻击克林顿的道德问题。因为，如果他们在克林顿的政策上找不出什么毛病，那克林顿的自传（当逃兵，吸食大麻，在名牌大学习得的理智主义，从政的老婆从不下厨，最糟糕的是性丑闻）则被证明对共和党阵营十分有利。他们将材料复制足够多份，对事件进行添油加醋，还有在根本上不可否认的克林顿自身行为不检的证据，最后结论是在克林顿身上体现了60年代自由主义的明显特征，而恰恰是60年代的自由主义在最初刺激了保守党政治活动。虽然克林顿在当时也许和这个运动团体打成个平手，但他们经过这事后变得更强大了——在小布什的第一任总统任期，这个运动团体接管了美国政府。

　　tHIS TELLING OF the story is tooneat, I ignores critical strands in the historicalnarrative—how the decline of manufacturing and Reagan’s firing ofthe air traffic controllers critically wounded America’s labormovement;the way that the creation of majority-minoritycongreional districts in the South simultaneously ensured moreblack representatives and reduced Democratic seats in that region;the lack of cooperation that Clinton received from congreionalDemocrats, who had grown fat and complacent and didn’t realize thefight they were also doesn’t capture the degree to whichadvances in political gerrymandering polarized the Congre, or howefficiently money and negative television ads have poisoned theatmosphere.我知道，这种叙事方式过于简洁了。我忽略了在历史叙事中的一些关键情节，例如：制造业是如何衰落的；里根政府开除罢工的航管员是如何关键性地重创了美国劳工运动；南方是如何划分多数派选举区和少数派选举区，在同一地区保证黑人拥有更多众议员席位的但同时使得民主党席位减少了；克林顿总统很难从民主党议员们处得到支持，因为自鸣得意的他们正在捞政治油水，而没有意识到他们已陷入一场斗争中。文章也没有记录改划选举区所导致的国会两极分化造成的影响，或金钱和负面电视广告是如何有效的荼毒政治环境。

　　still, when I think about what thatold Washington hand told me that night, when I ponder the work of aGeorge Kennan or a George Marshall, when I read the speeches of aBobby Kennedy or an Everett Dirksen, I can’t help feeling that thepolitics of today suffers from a case of arrested men, the iues America faced were never abstract and hencenever might be hell and still the right thing to could collapse despite the best-laid couldwork hard all their lives and still lose everything.当我想起那位老华盛顿政客在那晚对我说的话时，当我仔细估量乔治·凯南（GeorgeFrost Kennan，美国外交家，冷战时对苏联遏制政策的始创人）或乔治·马歇尔（GeorgeMarshall，美国军事家、战略家、政治家、外交家，美国陆军五星上将）的丰功伟绩时，当我阅读博比.肯尼迪（BobbyKennedy）或埃弗里特.德克森（EverettDirksen）的演讲稿时，我忍不住感到今日的政治正经历一段发育不良的时期。在这些人的年代，他们一直面对的都是复杂的难题，而且非常棘手。战争也许带来痛苦，但在当时仍是一个正确的选择。就算准备了最好的计划，经济还是有可能会崩溃。人们一生勤劳工作但是仍然有可能会失去一切。

　　for the generation of leaders whofollowed, raised in relative comfort, different experiences yieldeda different attitude toward the back-and-forth betweenClinton and Gingrich, and in the elections of 2000 and 2004, Isometimes felt as if I were watching the psychodrama of the BabyBoom generation—a tale rooted in old grudges and revenge plotshatched on a handful of college campuses long ago—played out on thenational victories that the sixties generation broughtabout—the admiion of minorities and women into full citizenship,the strengthening of individual liberties and the healthywillingne to question authority—have made America a far betterplace for all its what has been lost in the proce,and has yet to be replaced, are those shared aumptions—thatquality of trust and fellow feeling—that bring us together asAmericans.由于各代领导者们的目标和成长经历的不同，使得他们对政治的态度也不同。在克林顿和金里奇之间不断的争斗中，在2000年和2004年的选举中，我有时感觉自己是在观看生育高峰的一代人在国家政治舞台上喧泻情感，扮演心理剧(一种可使患者的感情得以发泄从而达到心理治疗效果的戏剧)，讲述一个在很久以前有一群大学生在上学时就构思策划好的包含怨恨和复仇的故事。上世纪60年代的人们争取到的胜利有：承认了少数派种族和女人的公民权利，巩固了公民个人的自由权利，并且只要你带着好的意愿你就可以质问当局，这使得所有的公民们都认为美国是一个极度美好的国家。但是在取得这些进步的过程中我们所失去的，并且现在已经被取代了的，是那些共同的预期——那是信任和互相理解的本质，也是使美国人团结一心的思想。

　　so where does that leave us?Theoretically the Republican Party might have produced its ownClinton, a center-right leader who built on Clinton’s fiscalconservatism while moving more aggreively to revamp a creakyfederal bureaucracy and experiment with market-or faith-basedsolutions to social in fact such a leader may all Republican elected officials subscribe to thetenets of today’s movement both the House and theSenate, and in state capitals acro the country, there are thosewho cling to more traditional conservative virtues of temperanceand restraint—men and women who recognize that piling up debt tofinance tax cuts for the wealthy is irresponsible, that deficitreduction can’t take place on the backs of the poor, that theseparation of church and state protects the church as well as thestate, that conservation and conservatism don’t have to conflict,and that foreign policy should be based on facts and not wishfulthinking.那么，现在我们该怎么办？理论上来说，共和党可以打造出一个保守派的克林顿，一个稍稍右倾的领导人，一方面坚持克林顿的财政保守政策，另一面更加积极地修复摇摇欲坠的联邦官僚作风，并且更加积极地在市场上做尝试，或者提出基于信仰的社会政策解决方法。实际上，这样的一个领导还是有可能被造出来的。不是所有的共和党推举出的官员都是坚守当今保守主义运动原则的。在众议院在参议院中，在全国的州首府中，存在有一些公务员，他们坚守更加传统的保守主义美德，如自我克制和态度严谨，他们明白为富有的人减税而增加国家负债是不负责任的，减少国家财政赤字的责任不能扔给穷人，保留传统和保守派政策并不一定有冲突，外交政策应建立在事实的基础上，而不是自己的愿望或欲望上。

　　But these Republicans are not theones who have driven the debate over the past six ofthe “compaionate conservatism” that George Bush promised in his2000 campaign, what has characterized the ideological core oftoday’s GOP is absolutism, not is theabsolutism of the free market, an ideology of no taxes, noregulation, no safety net—indeed, no government beyond what’srequired to protect private property and provide for the nationaldefense.但是这些共和党人并不是在过去6年里在党内掌权的人。小布什总统在他2000年竞选时曾经向选民承诺“有同情心的保守主义”，但今日大老党的意识核心思想却表现为专制主义，而非保守主义。就是对市场完全放开，不加税，政府放开管制，没有安全保证——的确，没有政府能在保护民众的私有财产的同时向他们提供国家安全防卫。

　　there’s the religious absolutism ofthe Christian right, a movement that gained traction on theundeniably difficult iue of abortion, but which soon floweredinto something much broader;a movement that insists not only thatChristianity is America’s dominant faith, but that a particular,fundamentalist brand of that faith should drive public policy,overriding any alternative source of understanding, whether thewritings of liberal theologians, the findings of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, or the words of Thomas Jefferson.还有宗教信仰上基督教的专制问题，由无可置疑的棘手问题堕胎而引致的政治运动，但很快地就发展成为更普遍性的问题；宗教政治者在活动中坚称基督教不只是一个在美国处于支配地位的宗教信仰，它也是一个单独特别的正统信仰，应该由宗教信仰来引导国家政策，它高于其它所有认知和信仰，不管是自由主义神学研究者的著作和国家科学院的研究报告，还是托马斯.杰斐逊（ThomasJefferson，第三任美国总统(1801-1809年），他参与起草了《独立宣言》(1776年））关于宗教信仰自由的言论。

英汉翻译教学课件4

《英汉实用翻译》教学大纲

　　课程名称：英汉实用翻译课程代码：

　　课程类别：专业必修课

　　教学时数： ３６节（每学期）／2学时每周；总学时：７２节 学分：４学分

　　适用范围：中英文秘／经贸英语／英语新闻／英语教育等专业 考核方式：闭卷笔试制订日期：２００６年３月

　　前言

　　我国的改革开放、经济建设以及社会发展均需要大量高素质实用型专业人才，本着“授人以鱼，不如授人以渔”的指导思想，我国高等教育越来越重视大学生实用专业技能的培养，英汉实用翻译正是为此目的而开设的专业实用技能课程，在简单介绍英汉翻译常识和理论的基础上，本课程拟通过大量引自国际贸易文书、单证和实务中实例的翻译和译法的讨论，简略地归纳和总结一些最为常用和实用的英汉翻译技巧，然后依据所学技巧，广泛练习，与各类国际贸易实用文体的学习相结合，融会贯通，培养学生正确翻译各类实用文体的能力，以便在较短的时间里初步适应社会的要求，正确运用技巧，独立应对用人单位的英汉笔头翻译任务。

　　课程性质、教学目标与要求：

　　本课程是为我校英语系所有专业方向学生开设专业技能必修课程，开设时间以第四、五学期为宜，可避免和减少不必要的外界冲击。教学目标是向同学们传授英汉翻译的初步思维策略和处理各类实用涉外文书翻译的基本技巧，并在此基础上，引导同学们识别和了解不同涉外文书文体特色。课程要求同学们在大量实践的基础上不断提高英汉翻译技能并增强双语的表达能力，以便本段学业完成之后能够进一步自学或深造，并能初步适应和完成可能接手的涉外文秘和英汉翻译工作。

　　教学内容：

　　第一部分、英译汉基本思维策略

１、对翻译工作者的要求

（１）良好的英语语言和文化修养

（２）扎实的母语语言文化基本功

（３）跨文化意识的培养和形成（４）初步了解翻译的基本理论和技巧

（５）养成良好的职业操守和工作习惯

（６）正确有效的利用工具和传媒

２、英汉翻译理论和常识简介

（１）翻译的定义

（２）翻译的种类

（３）翻译的过程

（４）翻译的标准

（５）涉外文书翻译的基本原则：总则和细则

　　文体之分，标准之异

　　格式、语体、措辞、行文等

　　第二部分、翻译的基本技巧

（１）注意词义的精当再现

　　一词多义和词义的判断与选择

　　语境和词义的引申

　　如何再现源语的语体色彩

　　如何发挥译文语言的优势

（２）活用及形式、视点转换技巧

　　合度增益与减省

　　词类的转换

　　反面着笔

　　语态的转译技巧

（３）翻译基本表达手段的运用

　　直译法、意译法及二者之间的相互关系以及如何选择运用的问题，其他辅助性的变通和补偿手段简介

　　第三部分、各类涉外文书的翻译

（１）外贸信函的特点与翻译

　　格式问题

　　称呼与结尾礼辞

　　措辞问题

　　摘译问题

（２）涉外广告的特点与翻译

　　涉外广告标题、口号的句法与修辞特点

　　涉外广告标题、口号的翻译

　　涉外广告标题、口号的翻译中应注意的问题

　　广告正文的特点与翻译

　　广告正文翻译中存在的主要问题

　　商标与品名的特点及翻译

（３）涉外合同的特点与翻译

　　条理性

　　规范性

　　严谨性

（４）涉外文书常用词语的翻译

　　Be interested in

　　Appreciate

(be)subject to

　　responsible for/ responsibility 与 liable for/ liability

　　Abide by / comply with;according to / in accordance

　　with / in line with

　　Against

　　Offer, quote / quotation, bid

　　if, in case 及其它

　　shall及其它

（５）企业名称的翻译

　　英语公司及企业名称的汉译

　　汉语公司及企业名称的英译

　　技法小结

　　主导教材：刘季春《实用翻译教程》，中山大学出版社，１９９６年

　　辅助教材：冯庆华，《实用翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，１９９５年；张培基等，《英汉翻译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，１９８２年； 华先发等，《新编大学英译汉教程》，上海外语教育出版社，２００４年

　　自编讲义

　　考核方式：闭卷笔试

　　平时表现与作业（３0%）； 期末考试（７0%）

　　学时分配计划

　　第一部分：１０节

　　第二部分：２６节（第一、二部分在第一学期完成）第三部分：３６节（第三部分在第二学期完成）

英汉翻译教学课件5

[键入文字]

　　theory： Translation Proce comprehension

　　1)Nida: translation proce consists in analysis, translating, re-constituting and )to read the text carefully and have a correct understanding 3)to understand word meaning 4)to seek help from dictionary 5)to attend to the role of logic 6)to know the role of context

　　汉英短语比较：

　　1、汉词英译法：

　　翻译词，基本任务是词义的对应转换，形式问题是第二位的任务。对应，又称“直译法。”但必须受一词多义和惯用法等机制的调节。

　　如：佳期wedding day，佳人 beautiful woman，佳节joyful festival，佳句well-turned phrase，佳音good news，佳肴dainty food

　　2阐释，主要是难以取得双语对应契合时，义恰如其分的铺衍方式加以解释，常见的是文化隔膜形成的对应障碍。如：城楼tower over a city gate 民工irregular laborer working on a public project/ migrant worker

　　留用人员personnel kept on after reshuffle 民乐 traditional instrumental music 井底之蛙 a frog sitting at the bottom of a dried well/ person with very narrow outlook 夜郎自大 be blinded by presumptuous self-conceit 空城计 undefended city, a stratagem of putting up a bluff

　　3引申，由一般的、泛指词义到具体的、特指词义的引申

　　如：时令

　　season 太平间 mortuary 清茶 green tea/ tea served without refreshments

　　轻生 commit suicide

　　体魄健壮的男孩an athletic boy 由具体的、特指词义到一般的、泛指词义的引申。如：连珠 in rapid succeion

　　文盲 illiteracy

　　十二万分地（感激）extremely 慢镜头slow motion 微笑外交并非在五湖四海都奏效。Smile diplomacy, then, is working, but not everywhere.我们客栈热诚欢迎来自五湖四海的朋友！Our hotel welcomes friends from all over the world!

　　4转换：词类转换，句中肯、否定式 的转换，例：

　　人生琐事 the little nothings of life

　　等闲视之 think nothing of 家常便饭 make nothing of

　　请来吃顿家常便饭。come along and take potluck

　　在北京，堵车是家常便饭。Be in Beijing, blocking a car up is common 淡化（虚化）

“闹名利”译为：be out for fame and gain

[键入文字]

“咬耳朵”whisper in sb.’s ear

“洗耳恭听” listen with attentive ears

　　6.融合：紧缩语义的代偿手段

　　如：大小 size，长短length，轻重 weight 始终all along 好歹: what is good and what’s bad 事有曲直：right and wrong 例1别理他，这人不知好歹。Don't listen to him – he doesn't know right from wrong.例2万一她有个好歹，请立刻打电话给我。

　　if something should happen to her, please ring me up at once.例3 Don't cook us anything 'll have whatever there 替代

　　目不识丁 not know one’s ABC

　　天字第一号A1 裙带风nepotism

　　中药三七pseudo-ginseng（西洋参）

　　金不换 precious(be more valuable than gold)

　　8.音译：

　　商标：百事可乐PepsiCola；

　　万事达Master

　　9.注释(exegesis)：

　　最常用的是音译加注（汉语范畴词category word）disco迪斯科舞

　　hamburg汉堡包

　　Benz奔驰车

　　the Times《泰晤士报》

　　春秋战国Spring and Autumn Period and the Period of Warring States，铁观音 Iron Guanyin tea

　　toursim 名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers 名胜古迹 scenic spots and historical sites 湖光山色 landscape of lakes and hills 青山绿水 green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石 strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations 鱼米之乡 a land of milk and honey 世外桃源 a haven of peace Belts of parkland line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawn and trees break the regularity of the city buildings.该地区三面与公园带相连，四大开阔的广场有草坪有树木，打破了城市建筑的规律性。城区三面绿地环绕，四大广场草坪开阔，碧草绿树掩映，打破了城区建筑的单一布局。

[键入文字]

　　Eating 吃喜酒 attend the wedding banquet 吃药 take medicine（下棋）吃掉一个子 take a piece 吃掉敌人一个团 annihilate an enemy regiment 连吃败仗 suffer one defeat after another 推上吃了一枪 get shot in the leg 吃闭门羹 be denied entrance at the door;be refused admiion as an unwelcome guest be left out in the cold 吃醋 be jealous 吃官司 be sued / involve in a legal action 吃耳光 get a slap in the face 吃回扣 get commiion 这种纸不吃墨水。This kind of paper doesn’t absorb ink.茄子很吃油。Eggplant calls for a lot of oil in cooking.我可不吃这一套。I won’t take all this lying down.他不务正业，专吃白食。He does not do any honest work and lives off others.你这老一套现在可吃不开了。Your old way of doing things won’t work now.这件事你如果说出去，我叫你吃不了兜着走。If you let this leak out, I’ll make you sorry for it.走这么多的路，恐怕你吃不消。It may be too much for you to walk such a long way.吃得苦中苦，方为人上人。Only those who endure the most become the highest.再重的卡车，这座桥也吃得住。This bridge can bear the weight of the heaviest lorry.你别想吃她豆腐。Don’t try to flirt with her.他要请我们吃馆子。He is going to invite us out to dinner.你要先考虑清楚，免得吃后悔药。Think it over before you go so that you won’t regret it later.形势吃紧。The situation was critical.他那坚强的毅力使人吃惊。His will power is amazing.他工作努力，能吃苦。He was hard-working and unafraid of hardships.他跑得不快，踢足球吃亏。He can’t run fast and that puts him at a disadvantage as a footballer.我跑了一天路，感到吃力。After a long day’s journey, I left exhausted.只要技术好，到哪儿都吃得开。A person who has expertise is welcome anywhere.吃一堑，长一智。A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.

英汉翻译教学课件6

将单词分译成汉语的句子

was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking.她可以谅解地为自己高超的烹调技艺感到自豪。她自夸她高超的烹调技艺，这是有情可原的。

ancients tried unsuccefully to explain how a rainbow is formed.古人曾试图说明虹是怎样产生的，但没有成功。

Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his policy of ―self-reliance.‖ 毛主席在谈到他的“自力更生”的政策时,也许有些自豪感,这是可以理解的。 shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.他摇了摇头，两目睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤怒的神色。

　　将词组或短语译成汉语的句子

wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。’m surprised to learn that he lost the game.我惊奇地获悉他在比赛中失利了。

　　我听说他在比赛中失利了，感到十分意外。

are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers.男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计师的当。

can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。 power increased with their number.他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。

　　将分句译成句子

behalf of all of your American guests, I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.我谨代表所有美国客人向你们表示感谢，感谢你们的无可比拟的盛情款待，中国人民以这种盛情款待而闻名世界。

just stood there with his arms folded when he might have given me a hand.他本可以帮我一把，却偏偏只是站在那儿袖手旁观。

education is the key area where according to a study of 30 countries by an outstanding economist the return is 30%.基础教育是一个关键领域；据一位著名经济学家对30个国家的研究，其收益率为30%。 may keep secret if two of them are dead.若要三人保密，除非两人死去。 名词性从句的译法

’s quite probable that he is gone.（他已经走了，那是很可能的。）

　　他很可能已经走了。

is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in poeion of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.> 用that,what,how等引导的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要改变它在原句中的顺序。 told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.我告诉他，由于那是最后一个条件，我只得谢绝。 you hear what I said?

　　你能听得到我所讲的吗？ 用 it 作假宾语的句子，汉译时 that 引导的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；it不译。I made it clear to them that they must hand in their papers before 10 o’clock in the morning.我向他们讲清楚了的，他们必须在上午十点前交卷。有时译文中也可将that引起的宾语从句提前。如：

　　i regard it as an honor that I am chosen to attend the meeting.我被选参加会议，感到光荣。

（一）同位语从句不提前，如：

expreed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.他表示希望再到中国来访问。

（二）同位语从句提前，如：

I knew I couldn’t trust was always the poibility that he was a political swindler.但我知道不能轻信他。他是个政治骗子这种可能性总是存在的。, from the beginning, the fact that I was alive was ignored.然而，从一开始，我仍然活着这个事实却偏偏被忽视了。

（三）增加“即”或用冒号、破折号分开，如：

considered realistically, we had to face the fact that our prospects were le than good.但是现实地考虑一下，我们不得不正视这样的事实：我们的前景并不妙。

　　Exercises: was natural that now the conversation turned to the tragic events that had taken place there a month is clear that she has some great principle of science tells what usually happens under certain took it for granted that he would sign the is surprised to read the news in the newspaper that his father should be still 长句的译法

　　所谓切断法，就是按英语句子的语序把英语长句“化整为零”，按意群将长句断开译成若干汉语分句。如：

　　if you reach Chicago by train and spend only an hour or two there you will feel the light wind off the lake which gives it the name ― Windy city‖.如果你乘坐火车抵达芝加哥，即使只在那里逗留一两个小时，你也会感觉到从湖边吹拂过来的阵阵清风，这就是芝加哥之所以叫做“风城”的缘故。

　　在遇到长句时，应首先考虑能否把此句化整为零，在采用切断法时，要注意的一个问题是适当运用汉语的关联词。 拆译法（分句法）

　　就是将英语句子中有些成分从句中拆出来另行处理，或置于句尾，以利用句子的总体安排。如：

　　the president said at a pre conference dominated by questions on yesterday’s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在一次记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此发了言。他说他不能够解释为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众院中长期享有的优势。And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets in the way.由于受到顽强抵抗，吹嘘能在几个小时内就占领要地的敌人甚至还没有能占领外围地带，这一事实使我增强了信心。

　　第四章： 辞格的翻译 由于东西文化的不同，也造成了英汉比喻的差异。在英语中能引起美感的比喻直译到汉语中却往往平淡无奇，不知所云，甚至引起歧异和误解。: 保留喻体形象

　　喻体和喻义完全相同的英汉对应成语和谚语一般可采取直译方法，保留原喻体。

（一）保持喻义不变，喻体不变，修辞手段不变 eye is the window of the heart.眼睛是心灵的窗户。

　　the tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and is its natural manure.自由之树须常以爱国志士和暴君的血来浇灌，这些鲜血是自由之树的天然肥料。

　　some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.书有浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。

（二）既译出原文喻体又点出其喻义

’s economic policy is now being pulled by the magnet of the next election.下一次大选磁铁般地牵引着英国经济政策。’ve got one of my Sahara thirsts on tonight.今晚我又觉得象撒哈拉沙漠那样干渴。

and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back.劝导对他好象水过鸭背似的不起作用。：替换喻体形象

　　由于英汉语言存在着文化上的差异，有些比喻翻译时如保留原喻体形象不利于读者理解，而汉语中恰有相应的固定比喻，这时可用符合中国人习惯，且能引起读者同样联想，同样情感的比喻来替换。

may serve as a good secretary, for he is as close as an oyster.史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。

　　she felt that she must not yield, she must go on leading her humdrum was her punishment for having made a had made her bed, and she must lie on it.她觉得她不能打退堂鼓，她必须继续过她那单调的生活。这是她犯了错误受到的惩罚，她要自食其果。

the stable door after the horse is a sprat to catch a 亡羊补牢 2.抛砖引玉

　　translate the following Paragraph The flakes were falling thick and hard now, pouring past the window, a waterfall of , one would stick to the gla, as if reluctant to tumble to its , slowly, slipping and sliding down the gla, it would melt, its beauty -------First Snow

　　矛盾修饰法（oxymoron）

　　矛盾修饰法是把意义上相互矛盾或不协调的两个词或词组放在一起使用，组成句子描述一个事物，表达一种思想或说明一个道理

　　这些词或词组从字面上看似乎自相矛盾，但仔细回味便会感到意味深长，妙趣横生。如：a living death, a clever fool

　　汉语中有一种称为反映（对顶）的修辞格与英语的矛盾修饰法十分相象。如：陌生的朋友等

　　2.?though I cannot be said to be a flattering honest man, it must be denied but I am a plain-dealing villain?

　　我固然不是一个阿谀的正人君子，可是谁也不可否认我是一个正大光明的小人。 a witty fool than a foolish wit.与其做愚蠢的智人，不如做聪明的愚人。

is an open secret that the doctor and the nurse are already of one mind.这位医生和护士情投意合已成为公开的秘密。

　　有的矛盾修辞格含有言外之意，如按字面意义直译出来会显的别扭而无法作到忠实于原文，遇到这种情况时，译时就需将原文的词义进行引申，使之通俗易懂，确切表达原意。

　　i despite its very vastne and (New York)has the poorest millionaires, the small greatest men, the haughtiest beggars , the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, the dolefulest pleasures of any town I ever saw.最贫穷的富翁，最矮小的伟人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大楼，和最令人悲哀的欢乐。

有时可将矛盾修辞格中的两个词的修饰与被修饰的关系译为并列关系。 the thought there was a bitter sweetne.想到这里，她是甜中带苦，苦中带甜。

could almost picture God the father looking down with sad wonder at this mischief.他几乎可以想象天父上帝悲哀而惊异地俯视着这一片灾害。

you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkne shut you in …and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? 不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好象着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方??你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。 轭式搭配法（Zeugma）

　　是指用一个词与句中两个或更多的词相搭配，其中只有一个搭配是合乎逻辑的，其他的都不能构成自然搭配。

　　这种修辞格的特点是：生动形象，风趣幽默，言简意赅，感染力强。 转换法

　　当轭式搭配是由一个介词和两个宾语组成，翻译时将其中一个介词短语译作状语，另一个译作谓语。

left in a huff and a taxi.他怒冲冲地乘出租车离开了。

went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.她泪如泉涌地坐着轿子回家了。

general lost the town and his head.那位将军因为失了城池而被斩首。

got out of bed and humor.史密斯夫人郁郁寡欢地起了床。

　　分译法

　　如果是由一个动词和两个以上的宾语组成，译时将这一个动词与宾语分别搭配，并将动词的词义做适当引申，以适合与其搭配的宾语。 lost the game and his temper.他输了这一局，大发脾气。

swallowed bread and butter and a spasm of emotion.怀特先生吞下了奶油面包，忍住了一阵激动。 took his hat and his leave.汤姆拿起帽子，告辞离去。

was dreed in a maid’s cap , a pinafore, and a bright smile.她戴着女仆帽子，扎着围裙，脸上露出欢悦的微笑。 lost her heart and necklace at a ball.在一次舞会上，她倾心爱上了一个人，但却丢失了她的项链。

　　拟声的翻译（Onomatopoeia)Onomatopoeia 是指模仿事物或动作声音而构成的词语。它是一种重要的构词法，也是一种重要的修辞手段，如运用恰当，可以加深印象，增强气势，提高文字对动态的描绘和音乐效果。

（二）在译文中改变拟声词在句中的功能

　　英语的拟声词大多是作动词和名词，而现代汉语的拟声词大都是当作动词和名词的修饰语用，直接作动词和名词的情况较少。因此在翻译时往往在其后面加上一定的动词或名词，而把其译成修饰语，即副词或形容词。

was quiet and still except for the distant tinkling of a piano.除了远处一架钢琴的叮当叮当声外，万籁俱寂。 car started with rheumatic wheezing.汽车发出风湿病人似的呼哧呼哧声开动了。 rattled the ice in his gla, round and round.杰克来回哗啦啦地搅着杯子里的冰块。 dishes crashed to the floor.盘子碟子哗啦哗啦地落在地上打碎了。

started from three sides, right past my windows, these big pink streaks, zing,zing,zing.曳光弹从三面向我射来，正好经过我的窗口，一道道巨大的粉红色曳光弹发出嗖??嗖??嗖的声音。

翻译时增加或减去拟声词

　　一、原文中没有拟声词，但为了增强表达效果，在译文语言习惯允许的情况下，译文中可以增加适当的拟声词。

, I dreamt of nothing all last night but of fighting, and I thought the blood ran out of my nose as liquor out of a tap.而且昨天夜里我做了一夜的梦，梦的全是打仗。我觉得血从我鼻子里咕嘟咕嘟地往外淌，就象拔开塞子的酒桶似的。

old man was sucking vigorously at a pipe.那老头正在叭达叭达地抽着一个烟袋。

tears she could not hold back fell on his face.她那抑制不住的眼泪扑碌碌地落在他的脸上。 logs were burning briskly in the fire.木柴在火中哔哔剥剥地烧得正旺。 fell asleep almost immediately.汤姆几乎倒头就呼呼睡了。

kids are crying loudly.孩子们在哇哇大哭。

（二）原文中有拟声词，译文中减去拟声词 英译汉时，原文中的拟声词并不是在任何情况下都必须在译文中加以机械地复制。拟声词的运用必须有利、有节。

heard the roar of cannons as the enemy’s ship approached.敌舰逼近时，他们听到了加农炮的轰击声。

a neigh the poor horse fell down on the ground and could not stand up any longer.那匹可怜的马长嘶一声，就跌倒在地，再也站不起来了。 train puffed towards Tokyo from Sendai.火车从仙台开向东京。

came a murmur of conversation from the next room.隔壁房间传来一阵轻轻的谈话声。

squeaking of the radio was disturbing everybody.收音机的声音在扰乱大家。

　　the cock in the yard crowed its first round.院子里的公鸡已经叫头遍了。

　　所谓习语，是指经过人们长期使用沿袭而提炼出来的形式简洁、意义精辟的定型词组或短语。就广义而言，习语包括成语、谚语、俗语、歇后语、俚语、格言等。

　　一、英汉习语比较

　　从形和义的角度来看，英汉习语的异同大体表现在以下四个方面：

　　A.英汉习语形义全同, 这类习语为数少，例如： Barking dogs do not bite.吠犬不咬人。

　　who is contented, enjoys.知足者常乐。

　　misfortunes never come singly.祸不单行。

　　it is harder to change human nature than to change rivers and mountains.江山易改，本性难移。Like father, like son.有其父必有其子。

　　B.习语形义基本相同, 这类习语比上面一类在数量上要多些，例如： to take a load off one's mind 如释重负 to run in the same groove;to cut from the same cloth.如出一辙

　　to make a beast of oneself 形同禽兽

　　he that hath been bitten by a serpent is afraid of a rope.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕草绳。Shallow streams make most din.水深不响，水响不深。Money makes the mare go.有钱能使鬼推磨。

　　c.英汉习语形似义异,这类习语相当多，例如： When a dog is drowning every one offers him drink.救了落水狗，反咬你一口（强调好心得不到好报）

　　狗若落水人人救（强调人人伸出援之手。)Ignorance of the law is no excuse of breaking it.不知者无罪（强调网开一面）法盲犯法不可恕，（强调严格执行法律。)Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁(着重"抓紧行动")(强调“抓住时机”)D.英汉习语形异义似, 例如：

　　A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追。Great boast, small roast.干打雷，不下雨。

　　take not a musket to kill a butterfly.杀鸡焉用宰牛刀。

　　to hit someone below the belt/to stab someone in the back 暗箭伤人

　　As weak as water 弱不禁风

　　E.英汉习语形义完全不同，例如：

　　cast one's bread upon the waters 不期望报答所作之事

　　keep the wolf from the door 免于饥饿，勉强度日 make one's blood freeze 令人恐惧

　　have bats in the belfry 头脑有点古怪

　　see the sun 活着

普通成语的翻译 直译法是翻译普通成语的一个主要方法，它有利于保留原文成语的比喻形象、民族特色和语言风格。

mind as she always said, was on something not so practical –castles in the air, really.她头脑里整天想的，正如她常说的，不是很实际的东西——实在是空中楼阁。 is pouring oil in the flame.他在火上浇油。

　　含有典故成语的翻译 意译法

’d better pull up your socks next term.下学期你最好加把油。

you’re doing is to beat the to be practical!你们所做的一切都是白费力气，还是实际点儿吧！

teenagers don’t invite Bob to their parties because he is a wet blanket.同伴们不邀请鲍勃参加他们的宴会，因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。

’t try to flog a dead ’ve told you that you cannot go to Paris, and that is the end of the matter.不要试做无用的事，我已告诉你，你不能去巴黎，这就是事情的结果。Bury one’s head in the sand To be full of beans Don’t count your chicken until they are to translate the following idioms take French leave one’s fingertips

have a hand like a foot mute as a fish return good for evil shut one’s eyes against talk black into white face the music sailing and grow fat leap in the dark show one’s colours

make a noise in the world

　　2：比喻惨重的失败

　　3：皮洛士的失败，得不偿失

　　4：悬在达摩克里斯头上的剑，随时都在威胁着 5：象约伯一样穷

　　6： 为百合花上色，费力不讨好。

*皮洛士(Pyrrhus)是古希腊伊庇鲁斯国王，曾率兵至意大利与罗马交战，付出惨重代价，打败罗马军队，由此即以“皮洛士式的胜利”一词来借喻惨重的代价。在西方人眼里，百合花是高贵、贞洁、美丽的象征，故为百合花上色自然是做徒劳无益之事。*在《圣经》中，约伯以忍耐贫穷著称。

谚语的翻译

　　谚语是流传于民间的、形式相对稳定的、简洁而生动的语句，它总结了人民大众生活和工作的经验，具有诲人和劝解的功能。

　　意译法

was left high and cannot be choosers.他处在进退两难的境地。

　　做不了主，得随人家。 dogs soon eat up a horse.人多好办事

was born with a silver spoon in her mouth;she thinks she can do whatever she likes.她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可以随心所欲。’m too old a dog that can’t learn new tricks.我太老了，在也 学不进什么新鲜玩意儿了。 汉语谚语套用法

　　汉语中有些谚语和英语中的谚语具有对应的关系，可借来一用。’s put all the cards on the table.让我们打开天窗说亮话吧。

the leopard change his spots.江山易改，本性难易。

can take a horse to the water but can’t make it drink.老牛不喝水，不可强按头。（不能强人所难） another’s shipwreck be your sea-mark.前车之覆，后车之鉴。 the end things will mend.车到山前必有路。

proposes, God disposes.谋事在人，成事在天。 cut diamond.强中自有强中手。

the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称大王。 heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。 汉语四字成语的运用

　　不论原文是成语与否，都可考虑译成汉语的成语。

wisely keep their own counsel and did not expre their opinion too loudly.他们明哲保身，决不大声发表言论。

do you love to find fault with someone? 你为什么总爱吹毛求疵？

many Americans, China is still a faraway place——unknown, unseen and fascinating.仍然有许多美国人觉得中国远在天涯海角，鲜为人知，令人心驰神往。 received this information with the utmost calmne and unconcern.听到这话他镇定自若，无所牵挂。 coldly and pitilely!多么冷酷无情啊！ 俚语的翻译

　　英汉语都有委婉语，尤其见于表达有关不雅、不洁、令人生畏、令人讨厌的人或事物。如：

“死亡”

　　汉语：逝世、寿终、作古、谢世、归寂、坐化、牺牲、阵亡、殉职、捐躯、百年、与世长辞、崩驾、晏驾、薨、卒、不禄等等。

　　英语：pa away, go to one’s Maker, sleep with one’s fathers，join the great majority, join the angels, pay the debt of nature, be with God, be asleep in the Arms of God, go to glory, go to a better world, cro over the Great Divide, sleep the final sleep, go west, breathe one’s last, take one-way ride，lay down one’s knife and fork, hide one’s name under daisies, no Mayday，“上厕所” 大便，小便、方便

　　大解、小解、解手 去1号，去洗手间，去补妆，去卫生间 英语：

　　Pay/answer a call of nature wash one’s hands use the bathroom, relieve oneself, do a job for oneself, do one’s busine

　　can I add some powder? Fix one’s face coke-stop, nature stop go to one’s private office

　　visit Lady Periam, visit the sand-box

“怀孕”：

　　irish toothache to wear the apron high have a white swelling to be expecting a lady-in-waiting swallow a watermelon seed to be in a delicate/interesting condition in a family way eating for two a mother-to-be 汉语: 有喜、重身子、双身子、产妇

“老人”： 汉语：

　　年迈、年长、上了年纪、上岁数、年事已高等等 英语：

　　senior citizen, elderly people advanced in age, the longer living seasoned man golden age sunset years third age

“身体胖” 英语： big gal/girl broad in the beam chubby, plump, portly To fill out full-bodied, full-figured king-sized，on the heavy side well-rounded thickset Of claic proportions roly-poly

　　与汉语相比，英语委婉语不仅数量多，使用频繁，而且涉及的范围也相当广泛。

（一）、官方委婉语，如：

　　underutilization, human resources underdevelopment 严重的失业 negative saver 入不敷出的穷人

　　substandard housing, inner city 贫民区

　　house of correction, correctional facility 监狱

　　intelligence gathering 窃听

　　Air support 空袭

　　circadian deregulation 伤亡

（二）、职业委婉语：人们为了提高某些行业的社会地位，常创造一些悦耳动听、冠冕堂皇的委婉语来称呼某些行业或职业，如： sanitary engineer meat technologist prison officer clairvoyant reader research consultant funeral director aisle manager member of the oldest profeion

（三）学校委婉语：教师为了不挫伤学生和家长的自尊心，常采用委婉语。 撒谎

　　show difficulty in distinguishing between imaginary and factual material 作弊

　　Needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play 偷窃

　　Needs help in learning to respect the property rights of others a bully 恃强欺弱 Has qualities of leadership but needs help in learning to use them democratically 赌咒语的翻译 Damn ’ll be damned if I do.我要干这事，就不是人。 damn you!混帐！该死的！

it!该死的！他妈的！ this work(rain)!讨厌的工作（雨）！ be damned!去他妈的翻译！

　　Bloody bloody fool! is a bloody character!’s a bloody ’s bloody drunk.第六章： 文学文体的翻译

　　要使译文适应原文的风格，必须首先了解作品所处的时代，作家本身的民族，其写作特点与创作意图等等。如：

　　he went away angrily.——他拂袖而去。

（违反了民族风格，西方人不穿中国古代的阔袖长衫。）

　　风格包括时代风格，民族风格，文体风格和作家的作品风格。They(studies)perfect nature, and are perfected by experience? 读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足。 适应原文作家的风格

　　在翻译时不可不先研究作者的风格问题，如果忽视了这一点，其结果是：只抓住了原文在体裁上的一些特征，而没有反映出作家的个人风格。如彭斯的诗

　　A Red Red Rose O, My luve’s like a red, red rose, That’s newly sprung in June, O, My luve’s like the melodie, That’s sweetly play’d in 适应原文的文体风格

　　1936年，爱德华八世在他禅位前，向英国国民发布广播讲话：

? But you must believe me when I tell you that I have found it impoible to carry the heavy burden of responsibility and to discharge my duty as king as I would wish to do, without the help and support of the woman I you must accord me credence when I state to you that I found it impoible to endure the heavy burden of responsibility and to consummate the fulfillment of my stewardship as king without the aistance and cooperation of the lady upon whom I have bestowed my affection.(on the newspapers)下列四段英语表明同一议题的四个“正式的等级”： 旧式正式英语 To some scholars, instruction emanates from lecture or laboratory;to others it radiates from scholar is so well taught as he who can teach himself.学人中有受教于讲堂、实验室者，亦有教发之于内者。能自教自学，则学人中之最上矣。Try your best to translate the following two paages: 一般非正式英语

　　we think we learn from teachers, and we sometimes the teachers are not always to be found in school or in great what we learn depends upon our own powers of Answer

　　第七章： 短文的翻译

　　it’s time to plant the I put it off as long as poible because planting bulbs means marking space in borders which are still out all the annuals which nature has allowed to erupt in overpowering purple, orange and pink, a final cry of would almost be murder, and so I’ll wait until the first night frost anaesthetizes all the flowers with a cold, creaky crust that causes them to wither;a very gentle I wonder through my garden indecisively, trying to hold on to the last days of late summer.附：英语外来词分析 与生活相关的：

　　Green food, buffet, milkshake, toast，instant coffee，a jar of beer, bikini，contact lenses, shampoo, mosaic, airbus, ATV(all-terrain vehicle), sauna, suntan, Viagra.绿色食品、自助餐、奶昔、土司、速溶咖啡、扎啤、比基尼、隐形眼镜，香波、马赛克、空中客车、全地形车、桑拿浴、太阳浴、伟哥 与艺术、音乐有关的：

　　soap opera, acid rock, big beat, jazz rock, break dance, the Spice Girls, background music，yo-yo, hula-hoop, boomerang , bungee jumping, water ballet, game point rally, karting 肥皂剧、迷幻摇滚乐、摇滚舞音乐、爵士摇滚、霹雳舞、辣妹组合、背景音乐、溜溜球、呼啦圈、飞镖、蹦极跳、水上芭蕾、局点、拉力赛、卡丁车

　　有关西方道德文化价值观念的词： Generation gap Culture gap Bachelor mother Call girls Hippies Yuppies Punk Streaking White collar Blue collar Gray collar Pink collar Iron collar Hi-tech park Videophone Laser printer 与计算机有关的词汇： Information super-highway Data bank Dialog box Hypertext CAI(computer-aisted instruction)Cybernaut Cybersurfer Cyber mania Cyber bar Cyber culture World wide web Cyber source

　　Please gue the following Chinese words meaning: 1.马杀鸡 2.销品茂 3.按揭

　　4.普列西登特 5.葛郎玛 6.奄巴萨托 7.巴力门

　　8.德律风 9.德么可拉西 10.塞因斯 11.立邦（漆）12.哀的美敦书 13.开麦拉 14.西打

　　力戒翻译体

　　control the purse strings 控制钱包上的带子 掌握财权/支出

　　A lying-in hospital 允许躺下的医院

　　产科医院 Polite society 上流社会

　　mother is the bo in her kitchen.妈妈负责做饭。The president often considered economy in the White House kitchen.总统常常考虑如何在白宫的膳食方面进行节约。She stood there, in silent opposition.她伫立着,无声地表示反对。

　　You are your greatest enemy if you are a coward;but if you are brave, you are your greatest friend.怯懦，你就是自己最大的敌人；勇敢，你就是自己最好的朋友。

　　unle it goes hand in hand with science, democracy will there abound.除非和科学携手并进，民主将没有什么前途。

　　Anyone who plays with life will achieve nothing;anyone who cannot control himself will be a slave forever.任何玩世不恭的人都必将一事无成，任何不能控制自己的人都将是奴隶。谁玩世不恭，谁就一事无成；谁不能主宰自己，谁就会沦为奴隶。

　　smith fell down when he ran fast to meet them.史密斯跑过去迎接他们时，他摔倒了。史密斯飞跑着迎接他们，不料摔倒了。

　　tom struck another match when he approached.当汤姆挨近的时候，他又划了一根火柴。汤姆走上前,又划了一根火柴。

　　the liquid had changed into solid before it flowed out of the pipe.液体在流出管子之前，已经变成了固体。液体还没有流出管子就变成了固体。

　　mary lay awake almost the whole night.玛丽躺在那儿，几乎一夜没合眼。

　　i know not what course other may take, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death.我不管别人采取什么行动，但就我而言，不自由，毋宁死。We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.井枯方知水可贵。

　　that’s a thing that might happen to anyone.这样的事可能发生在任何人身上。这种是谁也难免。

英汉翻译教学课件7

　　回家的感觉真好，可以吃到妈妈亲手做的家乡菜。虽然妈妈说我回家是给她添乱，但我知道那不是心里话。其实她早就盼着我回来。如果过年时都没有见到我，她会很牵挂。家里呆的时间长了，我有时也会想念学校的生活。那里没有妈妈的唠叨，自由很多。

　　it’s nice when I staying at home, because I can taste my home cooking cooked by my mom always viewed me as a trouble-maker, I know she’s just mi me too much and eagerly await ’ll even worry about me if I don’t come back during the spring , sometimes, I’ll expect school life as I stay in home for a long time, because of the relative freedom and disappearance of mom’s nagging.孩

　　子

——梁实秋

?

　　兰姆是终身未娶的，他没有孩子，所以他有一篇《未婚者的怨言》收在他的《伊利亚随笔》里。他说孩子没有什么希奇，等于阴沟里的老鼠一样，到处都有，所以有孩子的人不必在他面前炫耀。他的话无论是怎样中肯，但在骨子里有一点酸——葡萄酸。

　　Lamb was single through his life , because he didn’t have children he wrote an article named Unmarried complaints which was collected in Eays of said children aren’t a morvellous exist ,they are like gutter rats,scattering everwhere ,so ,those people who have children needn’t flaunt said these words acted out from jealousy no matter how apropos his words is.?

　　我一向all along不信孩子是未来世界的主人翁master，因为我亲见孩子到处在做现在的主人翁。孩子活动的主要范围是家庭，而现代家庭很少不是以孩子为中心的。一夫一妻不能成为家，没有孩子的家像是一株不结果实的树，总缺点什么；必定等到小宝贝呱呱堕地，家庭的柱石才算放稳，男人开始做父亲；女人开始做母亲，大家才算找到各自的岗位。我问过一个并非“神童”的孩子：“你妈妈是做什么的?”他说：“给我缝衣的。”“你爸爸呢?”小宝贝翻翻白眼：“爸爸是看报的!”但是他随即更正说：“是给我们挣钱的。”

　　i don’t believe since a long time that children will become master of the future world ,because I am seeing with my own eyes ,children are indeed a master ’s scope of activities are main in home ,most of families regards their children as apple of their husbend and a wife can’t be home ,home without children is like tree without fruits ,it seems lack of something;a home become a real home with a baby ,man start to be a father ,women begin to be a mother ,everyone stand in a right position and ddes right thing in their have ever asked an ordinary kid:”what’s your mother ?”he said:”she is my tailor.””what’s your father ?”the litte baby rolled his eyes:”father is a nespaper reader!”soon ,he changed his answer and said:”he is the one make money for us.”

“文化大革命”是中国现代史上最具摧毁力的社会动荡。我妻子和我在这期间被抓进监狱，原因是我们被怀疑为外国间谍。我的家妻离子散，十六岁的女儿被送去内蒙古插队，我儿子当时年仅七岁，只能去跟着我母亲，靠她微薄的退休金生活。我们多次被不同派别的红卫兵抄家。不过，在监狱的这段时间让我对中国当时情形的了解比我一辈子学的还多，这一点值得欣慰。

　　在这三年中我被转了好几个监狱。我天生不安分，在狱中以帮助其他犯人为己任，我心里很清楚至少有百分之九十被关起来的人都是冤枉的，压根儿不该进监狱。我亲眼看见很多犯人自杀，有的疯了，下决心自己绝不能重蹈他们的覆辙。我决定要利用在监狱的日子尽量从其他犯人的背景、经历中吸收有用的东西，靠自己的智慧和幽默感生存下来。监狱成了人类学的一道智力题，一种让人思考的有趣的游戏。

　　我写这部传记如果有更深一层的目的，那就是要告诉人们，我的一生看似充满了曲折和不幸，人们也许会为此感到不平，但我的自身体验完全不是那样。人本能地追随积极向上的东西。洞穴时代的原始人还发明了游戏自娱自乐，我也是那么做的。如果这部传记值得读，值得写，最主要的目的是要证明我在“文化大革命”这样的环境中怎样主动积极地度过在监狱里的日子，权当一本“坐牢手册”吧。

英汉翻译教学课件8

　　英汉对比与翻译

　　被动与主动

　　英语多用被动句，而汉语少用被动句，多采用主动的表达方式。

　　英语常用被动句，主要有以下几方面的原因：

　　1.施事的原因。

　　A 施事未知而难以言明。

　　B 施事从上下文中可以不言自明。

　　c 施事不如受事重要，或受事需要强调。

　　D 由于特殊的原因而不要指明施事，如为了使叙述显得圆通，得体，或为了表达某种微妙的情绪。

　　some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。

　　2.句法的要求。

　　A 为了使句子承上启下，前后连贯，便于衔接。

　　some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin things, called “fibres”, and these fibres can be made into 为了保持句子平衡。

　　i was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job

　　3.修辞的考虑。

　　英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句，但适当使用被动句可以使表达方法灵活多变，避免句型单调，达到一定的修辞效果。

　　4.文体的需要。

　　某些文体较多使用被动句，以迎合其表达的需要。例如科技文体，新闻文体，公文文体等，以显客观，正式。

　　it?s traditional among technical writers to keep themselves in the background, to exclude personal pronouns and emphasize their work instead.由于铝总是和其他元素结合在一起的，所以，在自然界找不到处于游离状态的铝。

　　原译: Since aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, we can never find aluminium is always combined with other elements in nature, it is never found free.我们将理论设想与模拟实验结果进行比较，发现该理论设想完全可以应用于电力系统。

　　the theoretical prediction was compared to the results from simulated tests and was found to be applicable to power system.汉语少用被动句

　　汉语的被动语态有较明显的消极情态色彩，历史上曾经被称为 “不幸语态”(the Inflictive-Voice)。

　　汉语中实际存在两种被动句：

　　一是有形态标志的被动句。

　　形态标志主要指的是“被，受，遭”等词语，又称为结构被动句。

　　the aged should be respected everywhere.老人应到处受到尊敬。

　　she was caught in the downpour.她叫大雨淋着了。

　　the dictionaries have been affected with damp.字典受潮了。

　　two-thirds of the area are covered with immense forests of pine, spruce and birch.面积的三分之二由广阔的松林,云杉林和白桦林所覆盖。

　　if this suggestion is accepted, it should not be considered as a precedent.如果此建议被接受,以后不得引以为例。

　　we were received with great honor and kindne in your great country.我们在贵国受到过隆重和盛情的接待。

　　另一种被动句是无形态标志的被动句，又称为意义被动句。

　　杯子打了。

　　这个座位占了。

　　新产品总是好卖。

　　那个技术性难题很难解决。

　　Only objects struck by the light are visible.只有被光照到的东西才能被看见。

　　光照到的物体是可见的。

　　汉译英

　　A 汉语的“意义被动句”译为英语的被动语态。

　　军备竞赛必须制止。

　　the arms race must be stopped.我们的团结进一步加强了。

　　Our unity has been further 汉语的无主句往往转换成英语被动句。

　　必须保证8小时睡眠。

　　Eight hours? sleep must be guaranteed.发现了错误，一定要改正。

　　wrongs must be righted when they are 有时将主动句转移为英语被动句是为了上下文的连贯，使句子之间的衔接紧密自然。

　　那个孩子在街上玩，一辆摩托车把他撞伤了。

　　the boy playing in the street was injured by a motorcycle.他出现在舞台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。

　　he appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.英译汉中的一个普遍而又可理解的现象:不适当的乱用”被”。

　　unle something is moved, no work is done.除非某种东西被移动，否则功就不会被完成。

　　除非某种东西发生了移动，否则就没有功。

　　英译汉

　　A

　　转换成汉语的意义被动句。

　　solution to the problem was ultimately found.这个问题的解决办法终于找到了。

　　On their domestic stations events in the Middle East were dismied briefly.在他们国内电台的广播中，中东事件只轻描淡写地报导了一下。

　　B 变状语或其他成分为主语，把原主语转换成宾语。

　　friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.润滑能减少摩擦,延长机器寿命。

　　c 如原句无表施动者的状语，考虑到汉语的表达习惯，可适当填词，如 “人, 人们,大家,我们”。

　　the lecture is considered very important for beginners.大家认为这个讲座对初学者来说很重要。

　　Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere.虽然首批合成材料仅在一百多年前才研制出来，但现在人们几乎都到处能见到它们。

　　D 转换成汉语无主句。

　　A force is needed to stop a moving body.要使运动的物体停下来，就需要施加力。

　　E 有些英语被动句被动意义很弱，侧重强调或肯定某一事实或行为的存在，可按原句语序译成汉语“是?.的”判断句。

　　history is made by the people.历史是人民创造的。

　　the credit system in America was first adopted by Harvard University in 1872.美国的学分制是一八七二年在哈佛大学首先实施的。

　　f 用“加以”，“予以”等字眼。

　　these problems should be resolved at an appropriate time with an appropriate means.这些问题应当在适当的时候，以适当的方式加以解决。

　　Our prisoners of war must be repaired without further delay.我们的战俘必须毫不延迟地予以遣返。

　　英语被动语态有其独到的修辞功能.比较:

　　the games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of has been awarded the games of the 29th Olympiad.在翻译被动语态时,句尾信息核心原则(the Principle of Endfocus)不可遗忘。

　　应用文翻译

　　应用文就体裁而言，几乎涵盖当今政治，经济，社会，文化生活的各个领域，包括政府文件，告示，科技论文，新闻报道，法律文书，商贸信函，产品说明书，使用手册，广告，技术文本，科普读物，旅游指南（tourist guidebook）等各类文本。

　　应用文翻译有别于文学翻译。

　　按照功能翻译学派的理论：翻译是一种有目的的交际活动。在这一过程中，译者应该根据客户或委托人的要求，结合翻译的目的和译语读者的具体情况，来决定原语文本信息的选择，翻译策略的运用及译文的表现形式，以满足不同文本的功能。

　　文本类型分类

　　按照文本功能，文本可分为三种：

　　表达型文本(expreive texts)

　　信息型文本(informative texts)

　　呼唤型文本(vocative texts)

　　表达型文本的核心是作者的思想，其在文本中的地位是神圣的，因而作者的个性成分构成了表达型文本的表达要素，包括他所要传递的思想，信息以及表达思想的方式。

　　Question: 哪些体裁属于表达型文本？

　　文学作品，私人书信等

　　信息型文本中，信息传达的“真实性”是这类文本的“核心”，而作者在文本中只是处于一种“匿名”的地位，作者的个人写作手法，风格或者个人成分不再重要。

　　Question: 哪些体裁属于信息型文本？

　　科技报告，法律文书，合同，商品说明书等。

　　对于信息型文本（科技，法律，新闻）的翻译来说，其侧重点在于信息的准确传递。在这些文体当中，引起读者的晦涩，曲解是大忌。因此，与一般的翻译文本不同，在形式与内容的关系上，它往往注重内容而轻形式，为突出信息传递的效果不惜改变原文形式。它不像文学作品那样追求对文学形象的审美体验。

　　the contract was declared null and void by the competent authority.主管部门宣布合同无效。

　　we are looking forward with interest to your reply.盼复。

　　hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon.恐怖分子劫持客机撞向世贸双塔，美国国防部五角大楼也遭突袭。

　　呼唤型文本中，由于文本的“核心”是“读者层”，是需要呼唤读者去感受，反应，行动，因而文本作者的身份并不重要，包括他在文本中体现的个人成分：思想，风格。

　　Question: 哪些体裁属于呼唤型文本？

　　广告，包括商品，旅游广告等

　　对于呼唤型文本的翻译来说，其目的在于诱导。非常注重读者的反应。意在唤起读者去体验去行动，它更看重的是译文的效果而不是原文。

　　在翻译策略上，基本以“归化”为主流。

　　以目的语读者为中心，顺从译文读者的欣赏习惯和心理感受，尽量使用他们所熟悉的语言表达形式，减少信息交流与文化交流的障碍，去获取译文预期的效果。甚至原文的信息都可以考虑增删，改动，以配合读者的需要。这是它大大不同于文学翻译的地方。

　　m＆M’ melts in your mouth, not in your hands.只溶于口,不溶于手。

　　where there is a way for car, there is a Toyota.车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。

　　Not all cars are created equal.古有千里马,今有三菱车。

　　总而言之，在具体的操作中，很少有文本是只有单纯一种功能的，大部分文本都是以一种功能为主而其他二者兼而有之。因此，译者必须首先确定一种文本的主要功能，或在同一文本不同部分确定每一部分的语言功能，从而有针对性地采用相应的翻译策略和手法，或忠实传递原文信息，或顾及译文读者，注重译文效果。

　　英汉旅游文本对比与翻译

　　旅游文本包括旅游景点介绍，旅游宣传广告，旅游告示标牌，民俗风情画册等。

　　旅游资料是一种大众化的，喜闻乐见的通俗读物，它的目的就是要让普通游客读懂看懂并能从中获取相关的自然，地理，文化，风俗等方面的知识，并有到此一游的愿望。

　　旅游资料主要有两个功能：一是传递信息；二是诱导行动。其功能更像商品广告，目的是要吸引游客，最大限度地取得旅游产品的预期功能。

　　英汉旅游文本的差异

　　满树金花，芳香四溢的金桂；花白如雪，香气扑鼻的银桂；红里透黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂；花色似银，季季有花的四季桂，竟相开放，争妍媲美。进入桂花公园，阵阵桂花花香扑鼻而来。

　　the Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of from these trees in different colors are in full bloom, which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance of their islands are strung around the edge of the peninsula like a pearl necklace: hunks of coral reef, coconut palms and fine white sand.座座岛屿玲珑小巧，紧密相连，像一串珍珠缀成的项链，环绕着半岛边缘。岛上椰树成片，沙滩如银，四周满是红色的珊瑚礁，景色如诗如画。

　　英文旅游文体大多简洁，明了，客观力求忠实再现自然。最忌罗嗦堆砌，失其自然流畅之美。

　　汉语讲究四言八句，言辞华美，声情并茂，诗情画意盎然，情景相融，虚实相生，充满了意境美，色彩美，音韵美，情感美，极大地迎合了中华民族的审美心理和欣赏习惯。

　　英汉互译

　　汉译英------修辞性减译

　　英译汉------修辞性增译

　　venice invites idlene and silence is restful and its sundials are inscribed with the words: Horas non mumero nisi serenas(I count only the happy hours).威尼斯是人们休闲解闷，闲庭信步的好去处，她宁静从容，闲适悠然，连城中的日就上都刻着这样的铭文：“只记幸福时光”。

　　阿坝州风光秀丽，山河壮美。座座雪峰耸入云霄，原始森林遮天盖地，莽莽草原花团锦簇，叠溪遗迹神秘奥妙，瀑布溪流蜿蜒跌宕，高山湖泊灿若明珠，藏羌村寨别具一格，肥沃河谷瓜果飘乡。

　　the beautiful landscapes of Aba Prefecture feature towering snow-clad mountains, cricroing rivers, and boundle forests and this fertile land are peculiar geological ruins, fantastic streams and waterfalls, alpine lakes, and Tibetan and Qiang villages.注释性增译或改译

　　the earliest recorded eruption of Vesuvius occurred in 79 destroyed Pompeii.有记录记载的最早的维苏威火山喷发是在公元79年，摧毁了庞贝古城。

　　归化

　　As one of the Four Tigers in Asia, Hong Kong is also known as the Oriental Pearl and the Shopping Paradise.作为亚洲四小龙之一的香港，同样被誉为“东方之珠”和“购物天堂”。

　　singapore, the smallest nation in Asia, occupies a 225 square mile expanse of swamping, tropical islands---an area about the size of Trenton, New Jersay.亚洲最小的国家新加坡是一个热带国家，原是一片洼地，面积为225平方英里，远不如香港的一半大。

　　英汉企业推介文本的差异与翻译

　　企业推介文本是对外宣传企事业单位形象的一个主要途径，用最直接有效的方式让国外读者或消费者了解自己，以促成购买的欲望与行为。

　　企业推介文本属于呼唤型文本，其翻译的核心是传递信息，感染受众。

　　英汉企业推介文本的差异

　　内容

　　语言

　　内容

　　我国企业在推介自己时，多在炫耀自己是成功者，竭力为读者树立一个强大而可靠的形象，以博取消费者的信赖。

　　我国的简介在内容上常常千篇1律，一般都是包括企业的经营性质，注册资金，从业人员，厂房占地面积，产品介绍，获奖情况等。

　　英文的推介显得灵活轻松，以人为本，客观具体，突出信息功能，把功夫放在给读者留下切实可行的印象上。

　　语言

　　汉语修辞讲究词句整齐对仗，声韵和谐。重视凝练概括，辞藻华丽。大量渲染烘托，夸大煽情。常常用响亮的口号作为结尾。

　　英语

　　不示人以其艺术性的艺术是最高的艺术。

　　这一修辞传统造成西方话语推崇质朴自然，在平实中显生动，重客观表述事实，不提倡文字表达重过分张扬，空洞无物，重复堆砌。因此，英语企业推介文本行文简洁直接，信息明确，逻辑条理清楚，一目了然。

　　精制老北京二锅头”为北京特产。已具百年历史，因具独特风格而蜚声华夏。该酒以红高粱为原料，采用传统工艺精制而成。本品清香纯正，醇甜绵柔，爽净协调，余味悠长，实为宴朋赠友之上品---精制老北京二锅头。

　　西凤酒是久负盛誉的名酒之一，远在唐代就被列为珍品，北宋末年，苏东坡任职凤翔，酷爱此酒，随之盛名益彰。1910年西凤酒参加南洋赛酒会获奖，随获世界声誉。

　　西凤酒清澈透明，香气浓郁，醇厚圆润，回味悠长，别具一格。饮后令人神声清爽，有通胃祛劳之功，历为广大群众所喜爱。---西凤酒

　　绵竹“剑南春”酒，久负盛名，曾多次荣获各种奖励，1989年荣获国家优质金奖，为中外人士赞赏。

“剑南春”历史悠久，唐人李肇《国史补》一书已有记载。

　　它是用高粱，大米，糯米，小麦，玉米酿造，具有芳香浓郁，醇和甘甜，清冽净爽，余味悠长的特点，是宴席馈赠之佳品。---剑南春

　　中铁XXX局集团有限公司是一支修建铁路，公路，承担市政建设，工业与民用建筑，设备安装，火电，水利水电，机场，港口，矿山建筑与安装的大型专业施工队伍。现有员工XXX名，拥有各类专业技术干部XXX名。

　　企业资产总值XXX亿多元，年施工能力XXX亿元以上，拥有各类大中型施工机械设备XXX台（套），拥有世界先进，国内一流的隧道，桥梁，铺架高等级公路和大型图示方机械化施工生产线，在全国500家最大经营规模建筑企业排序中名列第XXX位。

　　1999年通过ISO9002质量体系认证，获得英国UKAS证书，并取得国家对外开展经济合作业务的资格。2002年取得“铁路工程施工总承包特级”主项资质，进入全国99家特级企业行列。2003年通过GB/T职业安全健康管理体系和ISO环境管理体系认可。

　　公司先后被授予“全国工程建设管理先进单位”，“全国先进建筑施工企业”，“全国思想政治工作优秀企业”荣誉称号，连年被辽宁省信誉评级委员会评定为特级（AAA）信誉企业。

　　china Railway XXX Bureau Group Corporation is a builder comprehensively engaged in the construction for railways, highways and airports, civil engineering, water conservancy, thermalpower/ hydropower projects, mine building and equipment corporation has XXX employees among whom xxx are profeional equipped with xxx large-and-medium-sized construction equipment and a world-advanced productive line in the mechanized construction for tunnels, bridges, expreways and large-scale earthworks, it poees a total capital of more than RMB xxx billion with an annual productive capacity of over RMB x billion, ranking xx among the 500 largest construction enterprises in to be a superfine contractor in railway construction by the state in 2002, it was authorized as one of the 99 superfine enterprises in China.处在世纪之交的XXX 铁路车辆（集团）有限责任公司，正在奋力实现“再现国家队雄风，再造新世纪辉煌，再为社会主义增光”的宏伟愿望，朝着“发展规模集团化，产品品种系列化，市场营销国际化，经营格局多元化，企业规模现代化”的目标迈进。公司将一如既往地坚持“信誉第一，用户至上”的宗旨，不仅以更多的高质量，高品位，高档次的新产品满足市场，而且以良好的作风，为广大用户提供一流的全过程的服务。

　　At the turn of the century, XXX Railway Rolling Stock(Group), is now striving hard in confidence and well on the way towards a global-market-oriented enterprise group to be well developed in management, marketing and product on our clients, we will continue with our credit to provide our customers with high quality and advanced products as well as our cover-all services.天津师范大学是一所综合性的重点高等师范院校，诞生于1958年，随着共和国的成长，她也历经磨砺，走过了三十多年的风风雨雨。三十多年来，一批批德才兼备的教学，科研和管理人员汇集在这里，怀着振兴天津，振兴教育的希冀，在这块土地上默默地耕耘。春华秋实，硕果累累，两万多名教育教学人才走出学校大门，足迹遍及全国，桃李满天下。他们献身教育，殚思竭虑，为撑起教育的脊梁，托起明天的太阳。

　　founded in 1958,the University has entered its fourth decade with a remarkable record of both hardship and is now ranked as one of the key institutions of teacher training in the past thirty years, hundreds of talented teachers, researchers and administrators have gathered and worked here in a continuous endeavor to meet the ever-increasing demands for educators both in Tianjin and the rest of the than 20 thousand students have graduated from the University and are now teaching have dedicated their wisdom and energy to the educational needs of the country in the firm conviction that future of China lies in the education of the younger generation.国内外受众的思维共性，心理习惯，信息需求和言语表现方式等都有相当大的差异。

　　因此，在翻译企业推介文本时，应充分考虑译本受众的接受倾向，采取恰当的翻译策略。

　　文化差异与翻译

　　征婚广告

　　男，未婚，36岁，身高172米，北京市某公司总经理，大学毕业，朴实自信。当过军人，记者，城市有私人豪华住宅（带泳池）及轿车。觅25岁以下，漂亮纯情，中专文化的女性，凭照片简历试缘。

　　女，48岁，身高，有婚史，独居，初中文化，体健貌端，气质高雅，在某市工作，觅60岁以下（大中城市），65岁以下（海外），身高以上，开朗大方，经济条件优裕的男士为伴。

　　s/W/M, 5?10??,, blonde hair, blue eyes, seeking attractive, slim lady between 28&40, who likes to go dancing and have a good am social 50?s and 80?s and country music, dancing, dining out, cookouts, sense of humor but also a serious send photo and phone /W/F, 31, 5?6??, blonde and tan!Seeking sun loving male, be affectionate, honest, also can get wild and crazy!Interests: Romantic weekends, beaches, fishing, camping, cuddling, auto races, barbecues, flea for friendship or relationship? Enjoy summer activities? Pick up that pen and write！Photo and phone number.文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识，信仰，艺术，道德，法律，风俗，以及其余社会上习得的能力与习惯。

　　语言，文化与翻译

　　如同在做心脏手术时人们不能忽略心脏以外的身体其他部分一样，我们在翻译时也不能冒险将翻译的言语内容和文化分开来处理。

------Susan Banett

　　to do translation, you have to be both a bilingual and a bicultural.（1）ecological culture

（2）material culture

（3）social culture

（4）religious culture

（5）linguistic culture

　　Ecological culture

　　挥金如土 ；瑞雪兆丰年；

　　揠苗助长；解甲归田；瓜熟蒂落；

　　俯首甘为孺子牛 ；

　　黔驴技穷；人心齐，泰山移；

　　不到黄河心不死，不到长城非好汉。

　　福如东海，寿比南山。

　　All at sea

　　Burn one?s boats

　　sail before the wind

　　keep one?s head above water

　　to sink or swim

　　to go with the stream

　　to clear the decks

　　All at sea

　　Plain sailing

　　to rest on one?s oars

　　to spend money like water

　　how many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east I compare thee to a summer?s day Thou art more lovely and more temperate.力大如牛---------as strong as a horse

　　老黄牛--------work like a horse

　　狐朋狗党

　　狗急跳墙 狼心狗肺 狗腿子

　　狗嘴里吐不出象牙

　　Lucky dog

　　Every dog has his me, love my dogs never 物质文化对比

　　巧媳妇做不出没米的饭，叫我怎么样呢？

　　Even the cleverest housewife can?t cook a meal without do you expect me to do?

　　i don?t see what I am supposed to do without any the cleverest housewife can?t make bread without 社会文化对比

　　天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了！况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了！

　　4.宗教文化对比

　　谋事在人，成事在天。

　　man proposes, Heaven proposes, God disposes.周瑞家的听了笑道：“阿弥陀佛，真坑死人的事儿！等十年都未必这样巧的呢。”

　　Gracious Buddha!” chuckled.“How terrible chancy!You might wait for ten years without such a run of luck.”

　　God ble my soul!” Zhou Rui?s wife exclaimed.“You would certainly need some patience!Why, you might wait ten years before getting all those things at the proper times.”

　　5.语言文化对比

　　宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”

　　她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。

　　不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！

　　难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。

　　文化的差异给翻译带来的困难

　　词汇空缺

　　词义冲突

　　联想意义不同

　　词汇空缺

　　我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。

　　钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。

　　文化空缺不仅体现在词汇层面，还体现在语言层面。

　　表现在：语言韵律，修辞格，句子的长短，句子结构的紧凑或松散，篇章的层次，段落的排列组合，衔接等。

　　嘴上无毛,说话不牢。

　　Downy lips make thoughtle slips.哼!你别看我耳朵聋---可我的心并不聋啊!

　　hem!Although my ears are dull of hearing, my mind is not dull of apprehension.长相思

　　白居易

　　汴水流，泗水流，流到瓜洲古渡头，吴山点点愁。

　　思悠悠，恨悠悠，恨到归时方始休，月明人倚楼。

　　Everlasting Longing Bai Juyi See the Bian River flow, And the Si River flow!By Ancient Ferry, mingling waves, they go, The Southern Hills reflect my thought stretches endlely, My grief wretches endlely, So thus my husband comes to me，Alone on moon---lit balcony.鲁大海：放开我，你们这群强盗！

　　周 萍： 把他拉下去！

　　鲁侍萍：这真是一群强盗！

（走到周萍面前）你是萍，??凭---凭什么打我儿子？

　　hai:

　　Let go of me, you hooligans!

　　Ping: Hustle him outside!

　　ma:

　　You are hooligans, too!(going acro to Zhou Ping)You?re my---mighty free with your fists!What right have you to hit my son?

　　词义冲突

　　联想意义不同

　　等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！

　　人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！

“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。

　　一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）

　　语言的融合鳄鱼的眼泪------crocodile tears

　　橄榄枝------olive branch

　　特洛伊木马------Trojan horse

　　酸葡萄------sour grapes

　　白色污染------white pollution

　　语言的融合绿色食品------green food

　　网上购物------on-line shopping

　　快餐------fast food

　　网址------website

　　民主；科学；逻辑；雷达；维他命；超市

　　翻译方法

　　1.直译法

　　直译指在一定程度上保留原文的语言表现形式，但前提条件是译文必须为译语读者所理解与接受------通顺易解。

　　奈达：最好的翻译应该读起来不像翻译。

　　又要马儿好，又要马儿不吃草。

　　You want the horse to run fast and you don?t let it graze.叫一声请，一起举箸，却如风卷残云一般，遭去了一半。看那周先生时，一箸也不曾下。

　　At the signal to begin, they fell to with their chopsticks, like a whirlwind scattering wisps of half the food had gone before they noticed that Chou Chin had not eaten a bite.她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。

　　her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down, the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to 套用法

　　在保留原有意义的前提下，套用或借用译语表达方式来代替原语的表达。

　　壮得像头牛---as strong as a horse

　　聪明无比---as wise as an owl

　　胆小如鼠---as timid as a hare

　　急得像热锅上的蚂蚁---as nervous as a cat on a hot tin roof

　　海底捞针---to look for a needle in a haystack

　　想是翟家这奴才，走下乡狐假虎威着实恐吓了他一场。

　　it?s all the fault of this rascal goes down to the villages like a donkey in a lion?s hide, and he must have scared this painter fellow out of his wits.宝玉忙道：“只是这姑娘可好，你们大爷怎么就中意了？”香菱笑道：“一则是天缘，二来是‘情人眼里出西施’。

---What?s the girl like? How did he come to take a fancy to her?

---It?s partly fate, and partly a case of “Beauty is in the eyes of the beholder.”

　　不要失了你的时了！你自己只觉得中了一个相公，就‘癞蛤蟆想吃起天鹅肉’来！

“Don?t be a fool!” he roared.“Just paing one examination has turned your head completely---you?re like a toad trying to swallow a swan!”

　　宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”

　　Bao-chai laughed.“You?re like the famous general, ?one conquest breeds appetite for another?.I advise you to take things more gently.”

　　需注意：尽量避免使用译语中的具有典型民族文化特征的词语------不要给洋 人穿上长袍马褂。

　　As wise as Solomon 智如诸葛

　　to teach one?s grandmother to suck eggs.夫子庙前卖文章，关公面前耍大刀。

　　two heads are better than one.三个臭皮匠，胜过一个诸葛亮。

　　3.直译加注法

　　这种方法既保留了原文的文化与语言色彩，又能为译语读者所理解。

　　人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！

　　they call jealous people “vinegar bottles”, don?t they? Well, she?s not just a bottle full of vinegar;she?s a storage jar---a whole cistern---full of it!

　　一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。（鲁迅《祝福》）

　　After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met, he observed that I looked fat, and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.“难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？” 因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦；不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌。”

　　can this be some silly maid coming here to bury flowers like Frowner?” he was reminded of Zhuang-zi?s story of the beautiful Xi-shi?s ugly neighbor, whose endeavor to imitate the little frown that made Xi-shi captivating produced an effect so hideous that people ran from her in recollection of it made him smile.“This is ?imitating the Frowner? with a vengeance,?” he thought, “---if that is really what she is doing, not merely unoriginal, but downright disgusting!

“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。

“Ah Q, may you die sonle!” sounded the little nun?s voice tearfully in the distance.(---a curse intolerable to hear in China)

　　我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。

　　i was born in the Year of the never eat Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad : Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals, representing the 12 Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year in which a person is Festival 1993, for example, is the first day of the Year of the born in this year have the rooster as their life other years of the rooster, according to an old Chinese saying, become either good-or-bad-luck years for them.钱先生周岁时“抓周”，抓了一本书，因此得名“钟书”。

　　when Qian was just one year old, he was told by his parents to choose one thing among many others, he picked up a book of all his father very gladly gave him the name: Zhongshu(=book lover).意译法

　　由于英汉两种语言存在巨大差异，意译是不可避免的。意译的好处是译文易懂，但失去了原文的文化与语言色彩。

　　free translation is the last resort.等我性子上来，把这‘醋罐子’打个稀烂，他才认的我呢！

　　Y:

“One of these days when I really lose my temper, I?m going to give that vinegary bitch a good beating to show her who?s master here.”

　　h: One of these days when I get my temper up I?m going to lay into that jealous bitch and break every bone in her perhaps she?ll know who?s master round here.宝钗笑道：“我说你得陇望蜀呢。我劝你且缓一缓。”

　　Bao-chai laughed.“You?re like the famous general, ?one conquest breeds appetite for another?.I advise you to take things more gently.”

“The more you get, the more you want!” Chuckled Pao-Chai.天下真有这样标致的人物，我今儿才算见了！况且这通身的气派，竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿，竟是个嫡亲的孙女，怨不得老祖宗天天口头心头一时不忘，只可怜我这妹妹这样命苦，怎么姑妈偏就去世了！

　　this is the first time I?ve set eyes on such a ravishing whole air is so distinguished!She doesn?t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old-Ancestre, but looks more like a wonder our Old Ancestre couldn?t put you out of her mind and was for ever talking or thinking about poor ill-fated little cousin, losing your mother so young!

　　人家是醋罐子，他是醋缸，醋瓮！

　　they call jealous people ?vinegar bottles?, don?t they? Well, she?s not just a bottle full of vinegar;she?s a storage jar---a whole cistern---full of it!

　　if other women are jealous, she?s a hundred times.她有沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌。

　　her beauty would make the fish sink, the wild goose fall down and the moon hide herself, and put the flowers to beauty is beyond description.除了我这间房,大院里还有二十多间呢。一共住着多少家子，谁说得清？住两间房的就不多，又搭上今儿个搬来，明儿个又搬走。我没那么好的记性。大家见面，招呼声“吃了吗?”透着和气。

　　Besides the room we occupy there are twenty more rooms in the same many families live there, only God who occupy two rooms are very , they are always on the go，moving in today and moving out haven?t got such a good memory as to remember all people meet, they greet with each other with a Hi, just to show their good neighborly feelings.