如何掌握托福写作词汇多样性?合理搭配是基础

如何掌握托福写作词汇多样性?合理搭配是基础4篇

　　下面是范文网小编收集的如何掌握托福写作词汇多样性?合理搭配是基础4篇，供大家参阅。

如何掌握托福写作词汇多样性?合理搭配是基础1

　　从三方面介绍托福写作词汇多样性

　　1). 词性的多样性。

　　通过针对大多高分范文进行分析，是相当容易的发现，把动词词组的运用除外，不同种类的名词的使用更得考官的青睐，同时还可以体现外国人的文风。大家可以用小作文的发展趋势做例子，其中还增加与降低等动词的表达，但大家是可以用一种方式用名词的形式表达，这样就会显得更多样了，如experience a steady increase， undergo a sharp decrease。而如“surface”一词，学生们时常都会使用它的名词用法“......的表面”，却从来不用它的动词形式。如果你留心原版杂志和阅读材料，它的动词用法无处不在。例如“The fact of his plan surfaced”这里的“surface”就相当于 “appear”。所以不管什么词性，只要用了不能的表达方法，其结果都是不同的。当然是指正确的表达方法。

　　2). 同义词多样性。

　　在写作里若一个相同的词在250字的文中已经出现了差不多3次，如此作为学生自己，同样是会认为自己的文章没有可看性，更不要再说考官，这样能够看出学生语言功底普通，又要如何去获得高分。但是若一篇文章，有关相同一个词却有三四中表达方法，无疑给这篇文章加分不少。其实同义词也是展现一个学生英语水平的一个媒介。中国学生最常用的形容词就是good， 不管是修饰什么名词，用上再说，殊不知这已经给这篇文章打了个相对低的起评分，所以如何来表达不同的“好”呢?我们就可以用excellent， marvellous， gorgeous， splendid， wonderful等。再如不要一想到“越来越多”就用 “more and more” 尝试用 “an increasing number” 这样不同的词来表达，势必会给平淡的文章增添亮点。

　　3). 句式结构的多样性

　　使用丰富多彩的句型，这也成为了托福写作能得高分的一个标准。比如出现了一个句型：“If we don't recognize the...”大家是不是能够将其替换为：“Failure to recognize...”，再如 “sth. happened in .” 大家同样能够替换成是 “1998 saw sth happening.” 如此会显得更加的地道。

　　托福写作中常见的病句改进

　　1. The artists work pushes our civilization to a higher level.

　　改进：Artists work upgrades our civilization.

　　2. For example， you work in a big factory.

　　改进： Suppose you work in a big factory.

　　3. Youll find you are fit for business and you can make it your main job.

　　改进：Youll find that you are cut out for business and you can make it your career.

　　4. We will own nothing at all if we depend on luck.

　　改进： We will get nowhere if we rely on luck.

　　5. He will get a higher salary to improve his living level.

　　改进： He will get a higher salary， thus improving his life.

　　6. Their brain is still very young.

　　改进： They are still immature.

　　7. Dissatisfaction makes people produce desire for better things.

　　改进：Dissatisfaction impels people for the better.

　　8. They cant analyze clearly what is right and what is wrong.

　　改进： They cannot tell right from wrong.

　　9. It will help children to form a good habit of dealing with time.

　　改进： It will help children learn to make good use of time.

　　10. Though it is not the best job， it afford to his life.

　　改进： Though it is not the best job， a job is a job. He can make ends meet with it.

　　11. Since people are always not satisfied with their present situation， they want further development.

　　改进： Since people are never satisfied with their status quo， they want further development.

　　12. The only thing they need to do is to find a job which can easily get big money.

　　改进： The only thing they need to do is to find a job that can bring them big money.

　　13. They like an active life but not a peaceful life.

　　改进： They like an active life rather than a peaceful one.

　　14. Some cigarettes may even cost a larger sum of money.

　　改进： Some cigarettes may cost even more.

　　15. Firstly， dissatisfaction encourages the discovery of new products.

　　改进： Firstly， dissatisfaction encourages the invention of new products.

　　16. Insgroupsto suit the needs of enteringsintoswork， students must grasp some technical skills.

　　改进： Insgroupsto meet the needs of future work， students must learn some practical skills.

　　17. It is very necessary more qualified scientists and technicians.

　　改进： Qualified scientists and technicians are in great demand.

　　18. This knowledge will become a part of your body.

　　改进： This knowledge will become part of you.

　　19. They cannot think clearly.

　　改进： They cannot think straight.

　　20. Money can improve their living standard.

　　改进： Money can improve their life.

　　托福写作满分作文学习

　　Do you agree or disagree with the followingstatement? Games are as important for adults as theyare for children. Use specific reasons and examples tosupport your answer.

　　Everyone likes to play games. Games are important at any ageto keep your mind sharp, learn new things, and maintain socialskills.

　　People say you can’t teach old dog new tricks. Modern research has shown that senior citizens cancontinue to grow brain cells by exercising their mind. Games are a great way to exercise yourmind. By concentrating on the tactics of the game, memorizing moves, keeping track of youropponents’ strategies, you can keep your brain functioning and growing.

　　Some games can teach you a lot. Games that ask questions, for example, will show you what youdon’t know. (Name the capital of Albania, for example.) It is always easier to learn something whenyou realize you don’t know it.

　　When you play a game, you have to be considerate of your opponents. You can observe people’sreactions and the way they interact as they play. It is always interesting to watch people. Maintaining personal contacts is important for everyone.

　　Regardless of your age, playing games can help you keep your mind alert, learn new things, andbuild friendships.

　　44 Awards and prizes are given for excellence in various fields. Do these awards andprizes serve a useful purpose? Use specific reasons and examples to support youranswer.

　　A prize or award, whether it’s the Noble Prize, the Academy Award, or Best Handwriting Prize, isimportant. Such prizes can have economic, personal, and social effects that enrich the life of therecipient.

　　Prize like the Noble Prize can be a cash award. But ever for prizes that don’t, like the AcademyAward, an actress who wins best actress will be offered more roles and a higher pay than actresseswho don’t win the award. Even for the elementary student who received the school’s BestHandwriting award may get a congratulations gift from proud grandparents.

　　The personal benefits of receiving any award are evident. Any award winner is pleased that be orshe has been recognized for his or her work. When people receive the Academy Award, they oftencry they are so happy.

　　Everyone likes to be with a winner. A person who gets a prize often has many new, best friends. Awinner’s social life is much better than a loser’s social life. The winner of the Best Handwriting prizemay not be very popular with his or her jealous classmates, however.

　　Awards serve a very useful purpose in that their economic, personal, and social benefits add to therecognition.

　　托福写作范文赏

　　A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or to protect the environment . Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

　　Deciding between supporting the arts and protecting the environment is a difficult choice to make, but I think I would choose protecting the environment. Arts help to maintain our culture and serve as a source of entertainment. However, we need a healthy environment in order to survive so we must protect it. We need to protect the environment now to help prevent health problems, to maintain the ecosystem, and to preserve the Earth for our children.

　　Pollution from factories and cars can cause damage to the environment. Moreover, pollution causes health problems particularly for children and the elderly who have weaker immune systems. We need to ensure that there are controls on the amount of pollution when possible so as to prevent health problems caused by breathing dirty air.

　　We also need to pay attention to the ecosystem. Trees, plant life, and people all depend on each other. An unhealthy environment can have harmful effects on the ecosystem. For example, if a plant dies because of changes to the environment and that plant is food for a animal, that animal won't have any food. If humans use that animal as a food source, there could be big problems.

　　If we do not respect our environment now, it will continue to get worse and our children will suffer the consequences. They would not have the same quality of air to breathe or natural beauty to admire. That would be sad.

　　Without clean air to breathe, a healthy ecosystem, and a future for our children, the human race would not survive. That's why protecting our environment is important. If we have a healthy environment, we have healthy children who will be able to participate and appreciate the arts.

如何掌握托福写作词汇多样性?合理搭配是基础2

　　托福写作词汇如何合理搭配

　　先来说说准确性。譬如这样一个句子：My writing ability increased by reading many books. 拆开来看，每个英文单词对应的中文意思是对的。但存在一个问题，ability和increase是不搭配的。任何一个单词，都不能单纯地说用得好不好。语言是讲究搭配的，简单常见的词只要搭配合适，放置合适的语境，依然可以锻造完美的句子。这个道理和穿衣混搭是一样的。穿着漂亮不在于单品是如何大牌如何昂贵，而在于款式质地的和谐，以及最后的上身效果。在这个句子中，increase表示增加的意思，主要表示数量的增加。尽管有时也能表示程度的增进，但这里和ability的搭配是不正确的。一般我们说develop one's ability，也可以说improve one's ability. 因此，这句话得修改成My writing ability developed by reading many books. 当然还可以修改得更地道一些。后半句想表达“阅读”，学生一般的习惯是把“读”和“书”全部翻译出来。注意，写作是表达，不是翻译。这么写固然是对的，还不够理想。我们进一步把句子修改成My writing ability developed by reading much. 从表达效果来讲，已经“达”了，考生想表述的意思和阅卷人读到的意思完全吻合。当然句子可以再继续修改得更加豪华，本文暂不赘述。

　　那么，词语的搭配如何检验呢?在各种班型的培训课程中，老师固然会提到一些典型搭配。但更为重要的是考生自己掌握检验的方法。我个人比较推荐Oxford Learner's English Collocation Dictionary(《牛津学生英语搭配词典》)，其中的语料来源和实用性都比较好。

　　托福写作高分满分范文点评和思路解析：小区附近新建电影院

　　托福写作难点话题一览

　　Do you like a new movie theater being built in your neighborhood?

　　It has recently been announced that a new movie theater may be built in your neighborhood. Do you support or oppose this plan? Why? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

　　写作思路展开结构分析

　　小区要建新的电影院，问你的看法。这道题目立场中立，支持反对都应该会有不少点可以展开。支持的可以说自己喜欢看电影，会更方便，同时电影院的建立会带动周边的配套设施建设，比如饭店商业街等等，提供更多的休闲活动场所。反对则可以说建设电影院带来人流会存在潜在的安全问题，同时会让小区环境变得吵闹影响休息等等。

　　本话题高分范文赏析

　　Many people consider our town a small provincial backwater, lacking both culture and the amenities of modern life. Building the recently proposed movie theater would be a step in the right direction, away from our backwards past, and towards participation in the larger world. It will create jobs, spark economic activity, and provide entertainment and culture for our young people. Movie theaters are necessarily large-scale affairs, attract a large amount of customers, and accordingly need to employ a fairly large number of people as ushers, concession stand chefs and attendants, ticket sellers, and janitorial staff, as well as projection technicians, managers, accountants, and other higher-level professionals. The employees would be drawn from the local population, and considering the tight job market in the area, the movie theatre would provide much needed full or supplement incomes for at least thirty families in the area. Going to the movies is usually an evening experience that either precedes or comes directly after eating dinner. For this reason many restaurants, cafes, bars, music shops, and other leisure and entertainment venues spring up around movie theatres. People who are going to the movies have disposable incomes and have already left their houses in search of a good time. This is an ideal market, and local entrepreneurs are certain to capitalize on the opportunity to open up new business ventures and develop the lucrative area around the movie theater, further invigorating the local economy. In addition to providing jobs and developing the local economy, a movie theater will bring us a little bit closer to the outside world. We will be able to participate in popular culture. A movie theater is one step in this direction, and if we can successfully transform our sleepy little hamlet into a regional cultural hot spot, we will be able to keep our young people from migrating to larger cities that they consider more developed and sophisticated. Our young people are our most precious resource and we should do everything to keep them here.

　　托福写作：运气在成功里所扮演的角色

“When people succeed, it is because of hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success.” Do you agree or disagree with the quotation above? Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position.

　　The Role of Luck in Success

　　It has been said that when people succeed, it is because of hard work and that luck has nothing to do with success. Although I believe that hard work is very important and is the surest way to success for most people, I must disagree with this statement. It cannot be denied that luck often plays an important role in success. For example, many important discoveries have been made by accident. There have been many cases of researchers and inventors making major breakthroughs while they were actually trying to solve another problem or create a different device.

　　Furthermore, there is something to be said for simply being in the right place at the right time-perhaps meeting someone by chance who can offer a good job or rare opportunity. And of course, there are the rare examples of gamblers and lottery winners who beat the odds and achieve sudden and unexpected success.

　　While the influence of luck cannot be ignored, this is not to say that one should depend on it and ignore the value of hard work. If one is willing to work hard, I believe that success will eventually be achieved, with or without the added benefit of luck. Moreover, hard work is often an essential ingredient of luck because it enables one to take advantage of a lucky encounter. If the scientist has not worked hard to develop his knowledge and skills, he may not recognize that lucky breakthrough when it comes along. Therefore, my suggestion is not to count on luck to bring you success. Instead, work hard and keep your eyes open for that lucky opportunity.

　　运气在成功里所扮演的角色

　　有人说一个人会成功是因为努力，而运气和成功则是一点关系也没有。虽然我相信努力很重要，而且对大部分的人来说，努力是成功最可靠的方法，可是我不得不反对这种说法。能否成功，运气扮演着一个很重要的角色，这是不可否认的事实。例如，很多重要的发现都是在偶然情况下发生的。有很多实例表明，有重大突破的研究人员和发明家，原本是要试图解决其他问题或是发明别的仪器。

　　而且，仅仅是天时地利这方面也有一些关系--也许是偶然碰到能提供好的工作和珍贵机会的人。当然也有极少数赌徒和彩票得主得到突如其来、意想不到的成功。

　　尽管运气的影响力不容忽视，但也不表示人就应该完全靠运气，而忽视努力的价值。如果一个人愿意努力，不论有没有运气额外的帮助，我相信终究还是会成功。此外，因为努力能让人充分利用幸运的机会，所以努力通常也是运气的必要因素。如果科学家没有努力培养自己的知识和技巧，那么当某个幸运的突破出现时，他可能也看不出来。因此，我建议大家不要指望运气能带来成功。相反地，应该努力，并随时注意不要错过任何好机会。

如何掌握托福写作词汇多样性?合理搭配是基础3

　　托福阅读题型解析丨词汇题词汇记忆是基础

　　一.应对托福阅读词汇题要多背单词

　　单词记忆主要就是背单词。背单词是很多同学觉得非常痛苦的事情，经常会有学生问怎么背，背了一些又马上忘了另外一些。所以关于如何去背单词，在这里有几点建议：

　　1、利用零散的时间背单词。利用零散的时间背单词可以使用单词卡片。不过，为了保证效率，首先要确定哪些单词需要记忆。理论上，单词量越多越好。实际上，如果一味贪多，结果容易打疲劳战，而且效率低。所以，只记那些常考的核心词汇，而对于那些不太常用的学科名词、物质名词一般加以忽略。

　　2、进行高频率的重复，建议把重复的周期控制在7天以内。具体说来，就是每天背100个单词，将过一遍这些单词的时间控制在半个小时以内，每天过4遍，第二天再过一遍前的。如果程度不是很好的同学可以压缩到50个左右，但尽量不要低于50个。单词材料可以找一些相关的新托福阅读词汇书，或者是以往考过的词汇题内容。

　　3、把背单词和阅读相结合。广泛的阅读也是增加词汇量的一种方法，并且能够在阅读中加强对已经背过的单词的记忆。当一篇文章的生词量在5%左右的时候，这些生词的词义是可推的。所以我们在选择阅读材料的时候，应尽量将单词量控制在10%左右。单词太多，看不懂文章，太少又起不到提高的作用。

　　二.托福阅读词汇题遇到不认识词汇如何应对

　　1.通过词根来猜测词汇意思

　　有了一定的单词基础，那么通过词根词缀去猜单词也不成问题了。而且除了单词有同义词，词根词缀也有同义关系。例如都是表达否定的同义前缀就有in-，un， non-，dis-等等，表示否定的后缀有-less，所以当看到题目中的单词有这类的否定含义，那么就可以去找选择项中也有否定前缀和后缀的词，也许就是正确选项，因为都是具有否定关系的。例如incalculable和unmeasured就是一组同义词。所以对于一些常见词缀词根是需要考生记忆的。具体有哪些可以参见一些英语字典的附录。

　　2.通过文章中的逻辑或者对应关系来猜测词义

　　逻辑关系主要是看上下文及背景内容。比较常见的逻辑关系是并列，转折，因果，递进等，所以考生要特别注意记忆逻辑关系连接词。例如这句话The heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising form cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation，depriving some areas of rain while drenching others。

　　这句话中出现一个逻辑关系连接词while，这个词是表示一种转折，意思是然而，所以drenching和之前的动作depriving构成了反义关系，depriving意思是剥夺，所以drenching可以猜测其意可能与剥夺相反，前文为剥夺了一些地方的雨，那么相反就是给予另一些地方更多的雨，所以可以看到选择项中C。 Thoroughly wetting就是表达了多雨这个意思。而drenching本意就是湿透的意思。

　　3.将选项词汇带入到文章中验证

　　由于新托福的题目都是单选题，所以范围已经缩小到四选一，尤其是对词汇题来说，有一种方法就是将选项中的词放入到原文中去阅读，看意思与上下文是否合拍通顺，如文章中选择的单词前后有介词，就更能显出代入验证的好处。例如有这样一句话:When hoisted up in the sky， the microscopic particles act as...选择项则为A. Lifted B.Grouped C.returned D.pointed， 四个选项代入后，发现只有A选项能和后面的介词UP连接通顺，所以答案就是A选项，表示升起的意思。

　　托福阅读题型有很多，但是词汇题是亦难亦简单的题目，如果大家在做托福阅读词汇题的时候遇到的都是非常熟悉的单词，那么词汇题就能做的又快又对，这样也能为其他题目节省出不少时间，如果遇到了生词，那就要根据词根和逻辑来猜词，或者将选项词汇带入文章中去验证。

　　托福阅读备考的8个建议

　　托福阅读复习时，一定要扩大词汇量。词汇是做一切英语阅读的基础，就如同造房子如果说句型结构是房梁，那么词汇就是盖房子的砖块。特别是对于托福这样的考试，很多参与IBT考试的同学也是有出国读书的打算的因此多了解词汇对学生日后出国尽快适应国外大学的课文和学科内容也是有好处的。很多同学觉得托福阅读有难度，细细了解一下其实也就是有一连串的单词不懂，因此影响了对整篇文章的理解。

　　个人并不赞成题海战术，考好IBT需要用心准备但不能仅仅是做大量阅读。而是在于做完每篇文章后自己究竟得到了什么?这很重要。

　　托福阅读复习TIPS：

　　1.考试采取早签早考原则，所以对于害怕听力部分受到别人影响的同学尽量早到考场排队，早点开考。不过如果过早的话，就很难在厕所偷听口语题了。

　　2.一进考场在托福阅读之前就要调试话筒。捕获晚来的同学在其他同学开考阅读的时候调试话筒，会有些影响，一定要集中注意力;

　　3.每个人开始的时间不一样，所以具体休息的时间不一样，具体休息时间是在听力结束以后。

　　4.休息的时候就要缠住监考老师，因为上厕所原则上要求一个人回来，下一个人才能去，所以缠住老师为了让他会记住你，这样就会让你先出去，否则要等很长时间;

　　5.虽然每个人开始的时间不一样，但是各部分可以答题的时间是固定的，不要跨去做题，顺序是阅读、听力、口语、作文;

　　6.写完作文之后问你是否提交本次成绩，不要点错，否则就白考了。

　　7.中间根本没有时间吃东西，考试之前要吃饱。考下来很累，接近虚脱状态。

　　8.很多同学发现北美或者其他地区的已经考过的IBT考题在大陆地区有重复，甚至有位同学发现10月6号新加坡的新托福考试和10月8号大陆地区一模一样。我们姑且保守的猜测ETS在全球的考试时间排的时很满的，但是分配到每个国家，时间就分散了。所以请大家要注意观察机经，可能为我们的成功再增添一份筹码。

　　备考托福阅读的三个注意事项

　　一 单词

　　单词理解是文章的基础，如果单词过于生疏，就如同到了一个陌生的环境中，路标和指示牌上的文字都看不懂，既找不到方向，也看不清地形。因此，在准备考试的过程中，一定要积极贮备单词。但是，怎样才能贮备“有效单词”呢?所谓的“有效单词”，就是所背的单词和考试中出现的，是相同的意思。比如，suggest,题干中表示“表明”，impact在天文学文章中，表示“撞击”plate,考察的意思是“板块”。所以，单词的意思无需背多，有效足以。在这里，给大家一个建议，只要把24套TPO里面的词基本都弄明白就可以了。至于TPO里面很专业的一些名词，其实可以不用太在意，有个印象就好。另外，考试时遇到不认识词汇时 ，不要慌张也不要轻言放弃，有很多时，还是能够根据上下文的语境推断出来的。

　　二、长难句

　　文章的句子是长短句形式交替出现，但同学们的问题在于，一遇到比较长的句子就容易走神。主要原因是还不太习惯在繁杂的信息当中，扑捉到主要内容。或者是根本没有建立良好的读长句的习惯。一个句子的加长版，主要是由于修饰成分过多，或者是句式比较特殊，破获了我们中文的读句子的语序习惯。例如：1)Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times

　　点击索取，托福阅读考试历年真题及答案

　　greater than at the Earth's surface,the deep ocean bottom is a hostile

　　Environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of

　　outer space.这句话的句子主干是：the deep ocean bottom is a hostile environment to

　　humans,句首和句尾都附加了修饰the deep ocean bottom的成分，分清楚句子主干，句子的意思自然就明白了。2)Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the

　　country's impressive population growth.这句话由基础词汇构成，但句子意思却不是特别容易理解，原因是表语前置，整个语序发生了颠倒。我们只要将句子的语序正常化，就可以一目了然句意了。所以，大家要在平时多积累长难句的阅读经验，在考场中，才能提高自己阅读的效度和信度。此外，除了关注句子，还要注意文章结构，特别注意一个段落的首句和最后一句，因为往往可能体现了整个段落所要表达的中心含义。

　　三、时间分配

　　做题的节奏，在一定程度上能影响个人发挥。有的学生喜欢不看文章就做题，认为这样比较节省时间。的确，在托福阅读考试中，有一部分比例的题是不需要看上下文，通过定位，精读其中的几行，就可以顺利找到答案。但这样做题，好像看一部电视剧，在不知道前情提要的情况下，也可以明白当天的剧情，只是有的的地方会比较困惑。所以建议大家在做题之前，还是要能够大体了解一下文章的话题和主要内容，也就是注意题目的提示作用和第一段的铺垫引文作用，这样在自己头脑中有个整体框架，能够了解文章的整体走向思路，在对于某些题目的判断上，也会比较有据可循。因为，我们会注意到，托福阅读中的题目，还是会有上下文联系的情况出现。此外，不要过于执着于一道做不出来的题目，如果觉得太难就先跳过。到最后，还可以借助REVIEW键，来检查自己是否有漏题的现象，这样做的目的，是要给最后一题留足够的时间，因为只要有足够的时间，最后一题的正确率还是可以保证的。

　　托福阅读得高分的技巧与策略

　　想在托福阅读中取得好的成绩，那么你要了解托福阅读考试机制。在托福阅读中，一般选材会涉及自然科学(天文、地质、生物学等)、人文和社会科学(文学、历史、人类学、社会学等)以及艺术和商务等学科领域。多阅读这些文章，一方面可以了解相关的常识和背景知识，同时可借此机会熟悉不同学科的常用词汇。

　　一、信息定位能力

　　练习快速扫描，在文章或段落中定位并查找重要的事实和信息，包括主题信息、概念名称、日期、地点和数字等。经常反复地练习，可以提高阅读的速度和流利程度。

　　二、速读理解能力

[1] 在掌握语法知识(如：语句结构、代词等)以后，应采用各种手段，努力扩大词汇量，扫除阅读中存在的生字障碍。

[2] 练习速读，训练通过快速浏览而非逐句细读发现文章主旨的能力。托福阅读考试的选材，从文体角度看，大多是说明体和议论体的正式书面语文章。其语篇模式一般为导言、主题、支撑、结论四部分，并且每一段落的开头常可发现主题句。

　　根据英语语篇的上述特点，阅读时注意文章的首尾段落以及每一段落的开始一、二句话，常有助于迅速发现所读内容的主旨。同时，注意语篇中一些具有语义提示作用的信息词和短语(见漫谈六)，对于重要信息的快速查找和定位也是有帮助的。

[3] 还可以根据托福考试的题型有针对性地进行一些练习，包括就文章中出现的代词(he， they， that， these， it， one， others等)，找出它们所指代的名词;根据文章提供的信息，练习推理、预测和归纳结论的能力;选择阅读中遇到的生字，根据前后语句所提供的上下文线索猜测字义，例如：

　　Everyone faces times when one goal or another has to come first; deciding which goals are most important is setting priorities.(根据语句结构，划线单字的意义由is提示是指the most important goals)

　　A skyscraper， or building more than twenty stories high， is built on a foundation of concrete supported by piles driven into the ground.(句中or在这里表示“或者说”，提示划线单字的意义为building more than twenty stories high)

　　Unlike her gregarious sister， Jane is a shy， unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. (从Unlike所表示的对照关系，可以确定划线单字的意义正是shy， unsociable的反面，即sociable， friendly)

　　In spite of the fact that the beautiful egret is in danger of dying out completely， many clothing manufacturers still offer handsome prices for their long， elegant tail feathers， which are used as decorations on ladies’ hats.(从全句的意思，特别是描述其特征的feathers等词，可判断划线单字是指a type of bird)

　　三、研读整理能力

[1] 训练阅读除需要培养理解文章含义和增强查找信息的能力外，还应适当注意所读材料的组织结构及写作手法，例如：该文章的组织方式可能是比较对照、分类、因果等，某个例子在阐述过程中有何作用。这有助于理解把握文章内涵和归纳概括内容提要。

[2] 练习概括提要，区分主要与次要内容。对于描述过程的文章，可练习按顺序总结步骤，写出提要。若文章涉及信息分类，可尝试制作图表并将相关内容分类排列。虽然新托福考试并不要求自己设计分类图表，但这项练习有助于加强信息整理的意识，可以帮助考生更快适应此类题型。见下例：

　　Scholars’ opinion about why L. cave dwellers hid their art(学者关于L.洞居民为何藏匿其艺术发表的观点) Reasons to substantiate this opinion (证实此观点的理由) Reasons to disprove this opinion

(反证此观点的理由)

[3] 根据提要或图表对阅读内容进行口头或书面的总结概述，以配合口语和写作部分综合型考题的需要。

[4] 选取句子或段落练习释义解述(paraphrase)。一方面，阅读测试包含考查对解述语句的辨识能力;此外，在口语和写作部分的综合型考题中也需要运用此项技能。

如何掌握托福写作词汇多样性?合理搭配是基础4

　　托福写作技巧解析 如何提升句式和词汇多样性?

　　一.托福写作技巧之提升句式和词汇多样性

　　言语多样性分为句式的多样性和词汇的多样性。新托福考试说到底，仍是在考察学生的言语才能。文章结构就是一个人的骨架，那么剩下来的工作就是需求往这具空空的骨架中添加进生动的血肉，这就是我们的言语了。新托福写作考试关于考生的言语水平最基本的要求是没有太多的语法错误，也就是考生所犯的语法错误不会影响到文章的了解。在这个根底上，新托福考试还要求学生会娴熟运用一些句式、词汇，使文章看起来很native。句式的多样性是很简单经过教师的辅导在短时刻内得到敏捷的提升的，可是词汇的多样性却要在很大程度上依托考生自己平常本身的积累，光靠教师的总结是远远不够的，再好的教师也永远不行能把一切的词汇总结出来。关于想要在写作部分取得高分的考生而言的(所谓的高分就是写作部分得到25分以上)就有必要下工夫去进步自己言语多样性上的涵养，关于一般的考生而言，只需求恰当运用就可。

　　二.托福写作句式词组积累

　　1.综合写作常用句式

　　综合写作乃客观写作，只是一个旁观者的角度对这两篇文章的内容进行描述，因此，某观点是出自哪篇文章一定要说清楚。所以，下面的这些句型在综合写作中必不可缺。

　　A.According to+noun.

　　Eg: According to thepassage/lecture/author/professor,…

　　b.Subject+verbs of reporting+that clause

　　Eg: The authortells/reports/suggests/explains/says/argues/states/indicates/claims/pointsout/thinks/believes that…

　　或The speakeragrees/disagrees/rejects/disputes/challenges/takes a different view….

　　c. As is indicated/displayed/illustrated in thepassage/lecture,...

　　2.各类话题常用词组

　　1) 有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…&

　　2) 扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge

　　3) 经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

　　4) 先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

　　5) 身心两方面 both physically and mentally

　　6) 人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement / steady growth of people’s living standard。

　　备考托福写作除了提升基础外，还要掌握一些托福写作技巧，比如在一篇写作中运用不同句式和词汇能提升文章的整体质量。上文中也为大家整理了一些写作中常用的句式和词组，大家可以积累下来，遇到类似话题多运用。

　　托福写作：复习建议

　　建议一： 避免空洞的单词和词组

　　1. 一些空洞的单词或词组根本不能为句子带来任何相关的或重要的信息，完全可以被删掉。比如下面的句子：

　　When all things are considered, young adults of today live more satisfying lives than those of their parents, in my opinion.

　　这句话当中的“when all things are considered”和“in my opinion“都显得多余。完全可以去掉。改为：

　　Young adults of today live more satisfying lives than their parents.

　　2. 有些空洞和繁琐的表达方式可以进行替换，例如：

　　Due to the fact that our grandparents were under an obligation to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have at this point in time.

“due to the fact that”就是一个很典型的繁琐的表达方式的例子，可以替换，简化为下面的表达方式：

　　because our grandparents were obligated to help their parents, they did not have the options that young people have now.

　　建议二： 避免重复

　　1. 尽量避免重复使用同样的词汇。或者有的时候虽然词汇没有重复，但意思却有重复。这时候可以做一些简化的工作。例如下面这个例子：:

　　The farm my grandfather grew up on was large in size.

　　large 对一个farm来说就是size方面的large，所以in size可以去掉，改为：

　　The farm my grandfather grew up on was large.

　　更简洁的表达方式为：

　　My grandfather grew up on a large farm.

　　2. 有时一个词组可以用一个更简单的单词来替换，例如：

　　My grandfather has said over and over again that he had to work on his parents’ farm.

　　这里的over and over again就可以改为repeatedly，显得更为简洁：

　　My grandfather has said repeatedly that he had to work on his parents’ farm.

　　建议三：选择最恰当的语法结构

　　选择合适的语法结构可以使句子意思的表达更为精确和简练。虽然语法的多样性也很重要，但选择最恰当的语法结构仍然是更为重要的考虑因素。

　　1. 一个句子的主语和谓语动词应该能够反映句子中的最重要的意思。例如：.

　　The situation that resulted in my grandfather’s not being able to study engineering was that his father needed help on the farm.

　　从意思上来分析，上面这句话需要表达的重要的概念是“grandfather’s not being able to study”，而在表达这个概念时，原句用的主语是situation，谓语动词是was，不能强调需要表达的重点概念，可以改为下面这句话：

　　My grandfather couldn’t study engineering because his father needed help on the farm.

　　2. 避免频繁使用“there be”结构，例如下面的句子：

　　There were 25 cows on the farm that my grandfather had to milk every day. It was hard work for my grandfather.

　　可以改为：My grandfather worked hard. He had to milk 25 cows on the farm every day.

　　更简洁的句式为：

　　My grandfather worked hard milking 25 cows daily.

　　3. 把从句改为短语或单词。例如：

　　Dairy cows were raised on the farm, which was located100 kilometers from the nearest university and was in an area that was remote.

　　简介的表达方式为：

　　The dairy farm was located in a remote area, 100 kilometers to the nearest university.

　　4. 仅在需要强调宾语而不是主语的时候，才使用被动语态。例如：

　　In the fall, not only did the cows have to be milked, but also the hay was mowed and stacked by my grandfather’s family.

　　本句不够简洁的原因是本句的重心应该是“忙碌的家庭-my grandfather’s family”，而使用了被动语态后，仿佛重心变成了cows和hay。下面的表达方式是主动语态，相对来说更简洁一些：

　　In the fall, my grandfather’s family not only milked the cow but also mowed and stacked the hay.

　　5. 用更为精确的一个动词来代替动词短语，例如下面这句话：

　　My grandfather didn’t have time to stand around doing nothing with his school friends.

　　Stand around doing nothing其实可以用一个动词来表达，即loiter：

　　My grandfather didn’t have time to loiter with his school friends.

　　6. 有时两句话的信息经过组合完全可以用一句话来简练地表达，例如：

　　Profits from the farm were not large. Sometimes they were too small to meet the expenses of running a farm. They were not sufficient to pay for a university degree.

　　两句话的信息可以合并为下面这句更为简洁的句子：

　　Profits from the farm were sometimes too small to meet operational expenses, let alone pay for a university degree.

　　托福写作：常识积累

　　本文分为三个部分：其中Independent Writing Task 9个问题，Integrated Writing Task 6个问题，以及牵涉全局写作的3个问题。

　　Independent Task

　　Q: Independent Writing Task有没有题库?

　　A: 没有，但是可以借鉴TWE的题库。

“You will see topics very similar to these [TWE Topics] on the TOEFL iBT.” [OG, P267]

　　Q: 准备Independent Writing Task需不需要专业知识?

　　A: “None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and are based on the common experience of people in general and students in particular.” [OG, P267]

　　Q: 写作的时候，观点重不重要?

　　A: “It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trained to accept all varieties of opinions.” [OG, P267]

“I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather than straddle the fence.” [Susan Hines, Dec. ]

“Creativity is not necessary.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]

　　Q: 是否可以通过增加深刻的逻辑和复杂的例子来掩盖或者弥补语言能力的不足?

　　A: 不可以。

“If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive your ideas may be.” [OG, P260]

　　而且从例子的选择上讲，并不要求使用庞大、复杂的例子，尽管这些例子可能论证力更强。个人经历就是一种很好写的例子。阅卷人并不依据论据的复杂性来看文章。

“Personal experiences are common.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]

　　Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)来写作?

　　A: 那要看你怎么定义“模板”这个词。如果“模板”指的是段落结构和文章结构，那没有任何问题，比如“五段式结构”可能会一直是TOEFL文章最好的写法。但如果“模板”是指背下来的，可以不加思考就可以套到任何题目上的段落内容，那就千万不要这样做。

　　Do not “memorize” long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following:

“The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be underestimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises certain qualms regarding practical application.”

“In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done about creating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposal utterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable steps and personally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding.”

　　likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot of words but fail to develop any real ideas:

“At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holiday, it has to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. The human resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the good intentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viable and laudable remedy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of action could be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution.” [OG, P259]

“I think you could use it as long as it is on topic.” [Susan Hines, Dec. 2006]

　　Q: 阅卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?

　　A: Your ability

　　To respond directly to the question;

　　To take a clear position; and

　　To write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supporting examples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.

[Workshop Manual, P26]

　　Q: 5分和4分最大的区别在哪里?

　　A: “Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, but there are more flaws and the ideas are less developed.” [Teacher's Manual]

　　Q: 词汇和句式是不是越复杂越好?

　　A: 词汇和句式需要一定的复杂性。

“Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic vocabulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas.” [OG, P260]

　　但是，不是越复杂越好。

　　就词汇而言，关键是表达的准确性。请参看OG第287页的满分范文1，评语中有这样一句话：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同时请参看Workbook第57页的范文，同样没有big words，也是满分。

　　就句式而言，关键是表意准确、流畅且能够变化。但为了达到变化或者准确表达复杂意思的目标，出现一些复杂的句式是很正常的。但一味追求复杂是没有意义的。

　　Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?

　　A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions.只要能把意思表达清楚，并把问题回答好了，就行了。参见OG第288页满分范文2，评语中这样写道：the writer consistently demonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informal expressions (“Let's assume,” “we would all agree,” “can make or beak,” “come in very handy”).

　　Integrated Task

　　Q: 阅读文章和听力文章中共有几种可能的关系?

　　A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listening passage.

　　A. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.

　　b. The listening passage that presents the reasons/ways the problem described in the reading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.

　　c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.

[OG, P252] [Workshop Manual, P41]

　　目前考的都是Contrast题目(只有一次考到了Solution，但也和Contrast差不多)，预计在不久的将来也不会有太大变化。根据ETS高级专员(Assessment Specialist II)Susan Hines [Dec, 2006]的说法，目前题库中还没有出过关于support的题目(“Comparison is not available now.”)，所以建议大家主要针对contrast题目进行训练，偶尔也可以用朗文的光盘训练一下solution的写法。

　　Q: 阅读文章和听力文章之间一般会有几点相关联?

　　A: “Typically the main idea will be developed with three points.” [OG, P252]

　　Q: 文章中可不可以出现自己对所谈问题的看法?

　　A: “Remember that you are NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading.” [OG, P253]

　　Q: 写作的时候可不可以照搬阅读和听力中的原话?

　　A: 总的来讲，照搬原文是不可以的。关键词可以不变，但是整体内容必须被paraphrase出来，特别是阅读材料里面的内容。

“In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when you use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are important to learn.” [TOEFL iBT Tips, P29]

“Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed.” [Susan Hines, Dec., 2006]

　　Q: 5分和4分的区别在哪里?

　　A: “A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately.” [Workshop Manual, P45]

　　Q: 高分(5分、4分)和3分的区别在哪里?

　　A: “The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture.” [Workbook, P7]

“Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast.” [Workbook, P11]

“Responses that earn a score of 3 respond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused.” [Workshop Manual, P46]

　　All Writing Tasks

　　Q: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(1~3分)在评分程序上有什么区别?

　　A: 总的来讲，高分(4和5分)的文章要符合评分标准上的所有要求才能评为高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合评分标准的某一条就可以评为低分。

“In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeably fit the response.” [OG, P267]

　　Q: 拼写错误和语言问题要不要紧?

　　A: 关于这一点，我们要一分为二来看。一方面，我们没必要吹毛求疵;阅卷人知道这是first draft并且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不构成理解障碍，就没太大问题(minor flaw)。另一方面，语法和拼写还是重要的，一旦这些小错误导致阅卷人觉得难以理解，就会构成重大问题(major flaw)。

　　把“dependence”写成“dependency”没太大问题;偶尔把“becomes independent”写成了“becomes independency”是个可以看到的错误，但还是问题不大;偶尔写出“They prefer to be depended on their parents.”这样的奇怪句子也会得到阅卷人的宽恕。

“Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture.” [OG, P253]

“If your essay includes a few minor lexical and grammar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score.” [OG, P260]

　　Q: 字数是不是很重要?

　　A: 首先，字数没有上限。

　　其次，目前字数会比以前更有意义，因为考试有计数器专门动态显示字数，为的是让考生对自己的字数做到心里有数。而且两篇文章都有了推荐字数。所以，我的建议是超过这个建议字数，虽然不用超过太多。(Integrated Task超过150，Independent Task超过300)

　　最后，关键是内容，而不是数量。不要为了求字数而导致文章很啰嗦。

“Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question.” [OG, P253]

“An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted.” [OG, P258]

“The length is not considered.”