初中英语非谓语动词
初中英语非谓语动词5篇 非谓语动词的三种形式初中
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初中英语非谓语动词1
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定
式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1）不定式
时态语态 主动被动
一般式 to doto be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2）动名词
时态语态 主动被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3）分词
时态语态 主动被动
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式： not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词
动名词
1 动名词作主语、宾语和表语
1）作主语
Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
南方与北方开战了。
2）作宾语
a. 动词后加动名词doing作宾语 V. + doing sth
admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免
complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱prevent阻止
Fancy 想象 finish 完成imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续risk 冒险
suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续
举例：
(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?
(2) The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.
b. 词组后接doing
admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to(to为介词）
no good, no use, It's worth…, as well as,
can't help, It's no use /good be tired of
be fond of be capable of be afraid of
be proud of think of / about hold off
put off keep on insist on count on / upon
set about be successful in good at take up
give up burst out prevent … from…
3）作表语
Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.
2 worth 的用法
worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj. 意为“值得”。
1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示“…… 值得……”
be worth doing sth. “……某事值得被做”
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示“……值得……”
be worthy to be done “某事值得被做”
The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth “值得做某事”
worth while： It is worth while doing sth
It is worth while sb to do sth.
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
a.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。
动词不定式
1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
a. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
we consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
a. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
we didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
we regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
3 不定式主语
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
The first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
For 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
so he made some candles to give light.
7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
what have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
a. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。
8 用作介词的to
To 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
9 省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
举例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
a. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
a. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
10 动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
she pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Tell him ___ the window.
a. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
d. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
a. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
d. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
a. never to drive B. to never driver
c. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
a. not to B. not to do C. not do it
d. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
a. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
d. not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
“Why not +动词原形”表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：“为什么不……?” “干吗不……?”
例如：
why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
非谓语动词（二）
14 不定式的时态和语态
时态语态 主动 被动
一般式to doto be done
进行式to be doing
完成式to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
she is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
15 动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to dotry doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to domean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
动名词与不定式区别实例：
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
she reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
a. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
2 forget doing/to do
Forget to do 忘记要去做某事。 (未做)
Forget doing 忘记做过某事。 (已做)
The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.
办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)
He forgot turning the light off.
他忘记他已经关了灯了。 ( 已做过关灯的动作)
don't forget to come tomorrow.
别忘了明天来。 (to come动作未做)
典型例题
---- The light in the office is still on.
---- Oh，I forgot___.
a. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off
答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.
而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。
3 remember doing/to do
remember to do 记得去做某事 (未做)
remember doing 记得做过某事 (已做)
remember to go to the post office after school.
记着放学后去趟邮局。
don't you remember seeing the man before?
你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
4 regret doing/to do
regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 (未做)
regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 (已做)
I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.
我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。
I don't regret telling her what I thought.
我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。
典型例题
---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.
---Well, now I regret ___ that.
a. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
答案：D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选D。
5 cease doing/to do
cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。
cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。
That department has ceased to exist forever.
那个部门已不复存在。
The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会聊天。
6 try doing/to do
Try to do 努力，企图做某事。
Try doing 试验，试着做某事。
You must try to be more careful.
你可要多加小心。
I tried gardening but didn't succeed.
我试着种果木花卉，但未成功。
特殊词精讲
1 stop doing/to do
stop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。
stop doing 停止做某事。
They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。
I must stop smoking..我必须戒烟了。
典型例题
she reached the top of the hill and stopped ___ on a big rock by the side of the path.
a. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest
答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事”。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。
7 go on doing/to do
go on to do 做了一件事后，接着做另一件事。
go on doing 继续做原来做的事。
after he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics.
做完数学后，他接着去做物理。
go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one.
作完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习
8 be afraid doing/to do
be afraid to do 不敢，胆怯去做某事，是主观上的原因不去做，意为“怕”；
be afraid of doing 担心出现doing的状况、结果。 doing 是客观上造成的，意为“生怕，恐怕”。
she was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.
她生怕被蛇咬着，而不敢在草丛中再走一步。
she was afraid to wake her husband.
她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。
she was afraid of waking her husband.
她生怕吵醒她丈夫。
9 be interested doing/to do
Interested to do 对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。
Interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。
I shall be interested to know what happens.
我很想知道发生了什么事。 (想了解)
I'm interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that?
我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)
10 mean to doing/to do
Mean to do 打算、想
Mean doing 意味着
I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to.
我想去，但是我父亲不肯让我去。
To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.
赠加工资意味着增加购买力。
11 begin(start) doing/to do
begin / start to do sth
begin / start doing sth.
1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing.
How old were you when you first started playing the piano?
你几岁时开始弹钢琴？
2) begin, start用进行时时，后面动词用不定式to do
I was beginning to get angry。
我开始生起气来。
3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时，常用不定式to do。
I begin to understand the truth。
我开始明白真相。
4) 物作主语时
It began to melt.
12 感官动词 + doing/to do
感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do 表示动作的完整性，真实性；+doing 表示动作的连续性，进行性
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调“我看见了”这个事实)
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调“我见他正干活”这个动作）
昨天我见他正在花园里干活。
典型例题
1）They knew her very well. They had seen her ___ up from childhood.
a. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow
答案：A。因题意为，他们看着她长大，因此强调的是成长的过程，而非正在长的动作，因此用see sb do sth 的句型。
2）The missing boy was last seen ___ near the river.
a. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play
答案A. 本题强调其动作，正在河边玩，应此用see sb. doing sth句型。
一、动词不定式与-ING分词的区别
1. 作宾语时，-ING分词表示抽象的、一般性或习惯性的和连续性的动作，而不定式则表示某次具体动作，特别是将来的动作
I like playing football. I would like to play football this afternoon.
1) The school cannot tolerate on exams.
［A］ cheating ［B］ to cheat ［C］ be cheated ［D］ being cheated
2) News of success keeps in.
［A］ pouring ［B］ to pour ［C］ poured ［D］ to be pouring
3) Long ［A］ before the dawn ［B］ of recorded ［C］ history, humans celebrated to harvest ［D］ their crops.
2. 作定语时，-ING表示正在进行的动作，用-ING的完成时表示动作的完成；不定式表示未来发生
4) We were overjoyed at the news of China another man-made satellite.
［A］ having launched ［B］ to have launched ［C］ to launch ［D］ launched
5) The applicants interviewing ［A］ are required to ［B］ bring all the necessary papers ［C］ two days later ［D］ .
6) Sorghum(高梁) leaves ［A］ occasionally contain ［B］ enough hydrocyanic acid killing ［C］ livestock(牲畜) ［D］ .
3. 当谓语动词是进行时的时候，用不定式而不用-ING分词作宾语
It's beginning to snow you. It starts raining.
I'm considering how to go(where to go, what to do). I considered emplying Mr.Wang but
decided that Mr.Chen was more suited
To the job.
4. 在remember,forget等词后，如果跟-ING分词，表示-ING分词的动作发生在主要谓语之前；如果跟不定式则表示不定式的动作发生在主要谓语动作之后
I remember telling her that last night. (“告
诉”发生在“记得”之前) He remembered to tell her that when she
came back. (“记得”发生在“告诉”之前)
I'm sorry I forgot to give you the message. (主
语动词表示的动作“忘记”发生在不定式表
示的动作“给带口信”之前) Why! I have such a bad memory. I forgot
giving the message last night. (-ING分词
表示的动作“给带口信”发生在谓语动词表
示的动作“忘记”之前)
5. stop, go on和leave off之后跟接动词不定式和-ING分词所表达的意义有所不同
They stopped (talking) to work. ［停下(其他动作)来工作］
They stopped working. ［停下工作(来干其他动作)］
workers went on discussing the problem. ［工人继续讨论这一问题］
workers went on to discuss the problem.［工人们停下来其他事，继续讨论这一问题］
He left off writing.［他停下写作(去干其他事)］
He left off to write.［他停下(其他事)来写作］
6. … used to后跟不定式和-ING分词，后跟不定式有两种情况：一种是used to是固定用法表示“过去经常干……”；另外一种情况是use的被动词态“be used”后跟不定式；后跟-ING分词的情况有一种，那就是当used to中的used是形容词时，to后跟名词或-ING分词
7) When he was in the plastic plant, he together with the workers.
［A］ has worked ［B］ had worked ［C］ had been worked ［D］ used to work
8) You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.
［A］ get used to
［B］ get to
［C］ get over
［D］ get on with
9) Mr. Anderson used to jogging ［A］ in the crisp morning ［B］ air during ［C］ the winter months ［D］ , but now he has stopped.
7. 一般情况下，for后边跟接there to be,而of后边则跟接there being
10) It is fairly common in Africa for there an ensemble of expert musicians surrounded by others who join in by clapping, singing, or somehow adding to the totality of musical sound.
［A］ to be ［B］ being ［C］ to have been ［D］ having been
8. be＋形容词后面要跟动词不定式作状语，而不用-ING
It is very difficult to manage the company.
二、-ING分词与-ED分词的区别
虽然在语法功能上，-ED分词在句子中所能承担的成分基本与-ING分词相同，但在意义上两者有差别：-ING分词表示主动的意义，而-ED分词则表示被动的意义；-ING分词表示一般性的或正在进行的动作，而-ED分词则表示已经完成和被动的动作。在表现形式上，-ING分词有“一般式”和“完成式”与“主动式”和“被动式”之分；而-ED分词只有一种形式。下边我们分析-ING分词与-ED分词在语法功用上的区别。
1. 作表语时，-ING分词表示主语所具有的特征而-ED分词表示主语所处的状态
The book is quite interesting. I am insteredted in the book very much.
The play is more exciting than any I have
ever seen. That piece of land lay deserted.
2. 作状语时-ING分词表示主语正在进行的另一动作而-ED分词则表示主语发生动作的背景或情况 11) In his movies，W. C. Fields was always at war with the world， .
［A］ battling both people and objects
［B］ both people and objects were battled
［C］ he was battling both people and objects
［D］ both people and objects that were battled
13) Having been served lunch， .
［A］ the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
［B］ the committee members discussed the problem
［C］ it was discussed by the committee members the problem
［D］ a discussion of the problem was made by the members of the committee
12) for her anthropological research，Margaret Mead also was involved with the World Federation for Mental Health.
［A］ She is noted primarily
［B］ Noted primarily
［C］ Primarily is noted
［D］ She primarily noted
14) Considered one of the leading poets in America today， .
［A］ a number of books and plays have also been written by Sonia Sanchez
［B］ Sonia Sanchez has also written a number of books and plays
［C］ a number of Sonia Sanchez's books and plays have been written
［D］ there have been a number of books and plays written by Sonia Sanchez
3. ①作定语时，-ING分词表示正在进行的动作，而-ED分词表示动作发生在谓语动词之前；②-ING分词表示它所修饰的词经常或当时的状态，而-ED分词则没有时间性；③-ING分词表示主动，而-ED分词表示被动
15) The boiled ［A］ point of any liquid ［B］ is determined ［C］ by the pressure ［D］ of the surrounding gases.
16) High-grade ［A］ written ［B］ paper is frequently ［C］ obtained ［D］ from cotton rags.
17) Scientists ［A］ still cannot find ［B］ any convinced ［C］ link between intelligence ［D］ and the quantity or quality of brain cells.
4. 但少数几个动词的-ED分词，有两种形式而且在意义上有差别，如：bear的-ED分词有born和borne之分，前者只用于“出生”的意义，而后者用于“负担”，“负荷”，“承担”和“传送”之意
I was born in 1966.
His borne responsibility to the whole workers of the factory is really great.
再如：hang的-ED分词也有两种，一是hung,另一形式是hanged, 前者表示“悬挂”，后者表示“吊死，绞死”。strike的-ED分词也有两种：struck和striken, 前者有“打击”“冲击”“感动”等义，而striken只用作形容词，表示“受折磨”之意。
来自及物动词的-ED分词所表示的是被动意义；来自不及物动词的-ED分词则可表示主动和完成的意义：fallen leaves (落叶)，a full-blown rose (盛开的玫瑰), escaped prinsoners(逃犯), the exploded bomb, her deceased husband, the retired workers, the vanished jewels, the newly arrived visitors, the returned students, the risen sun.
三、例题解析
1) A为正确答案。(一般性的动作。)
2) A为正确答案。(连续的动作。)
3) D错。 改为harvesting(抽象的动作)。
4) A为正确答案。(已完成的动作。)
5) C错。 改为to be interviewed(将要发生的动作)。
6) C错。改为to kill(不定或未来动作)。
7) D为正确答案。(过去经常或总是干……)
8) A为正确答案。(习惯于……used是形容词)
9) A错。改为jog。(表示过去经常或总是干……)
10) A为正确答案。
11) A为正确答案。
12) B为正确答案。本句是由-ED分词“noted”引导的-ED结构，在句中说明主句谓语的背景。
13) B为正确答案。
14) B为正确答案。-ED分词“considered”的逻辑主语应为人，除B外的其他选项都无法和空白前-ED结构在逻辑主语上一致。
15) A错。改为boiling。-ED分词含有完成和被动的意思，-ING分词则表示主动、进行，也可用作前置定语表示性状、用途。如：“boiling water(water which is boiling.)”意思是“开水”，意即“正在开着的水”，而“boiled water(water which has been boiled.)”虽也可译为“开水”，但表示“已开过了的水(现在可能凉了)。”本句A处应改为boiling，“boiling point”意思是“沸点”。
16) B错。改用“writing”，“writing paper”意为“写字的纸，信纸”，-ING分词“writing”表用途。与此类似的还有“swimming pool”(游泳池) ，“sleeping car”(卧铺) 。“written”含有完成和被动意味，不合上下文。
17) C错。改为“convincing”。“令人信服的联系”应为“convincing link”，“convincing”含有主动的意味，即“联系”(link)本身具有这种性质，而“convinced”则含有完成或被动的含义， 修饰有生命的名词 。试比较：a surprising man (使人惊讶的人) ，a surprised man (被惊吓了的人)
初中英语非谓语动词2
高考英语知识点归纳：非谓语动词用主动表被动
(1)不定式to blame,to let用作表语时，通常要用主动形式表示被动意义
(2)某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义
①这类结构的特点是句子主语就是其后不定式的逻辑宾语，按理说其中的不定式要用被动形式，但习惯上却要用主动表被动。
②有时形容词后跟有名词，在名词后用作定语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
③有少数用于类似结构的形容词(如fit,ready,free等)，其中的不定式用主动式和被动式均可。
(3)不定式用于某些动词(如have,have got,get,want,need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动意义
(4)不定式用于某些双宾动词(如give,show,buy,lend,get等)的直接宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是直接宾语前的间接宾语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义
(5)不定式用于修饰“there be+名词”中的名词时，可用主动式，也可用被动式，有时含义差不多
(6)be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动
(7)在need,want,require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义
①以上结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表示被动意义
②它们后接名词时也可表示被动意义
高三英语复习方法
一、抓课本、重基础、强化词句的积累
英语基础知识的复习要以课本为纲，按照知识之间的内在联系，将它们进行分类整理。在这个过程中，要注意以新带旧，使初中和高中所学的知识形成系统，总结出规律性，这样才能融会贯通，也才能把知识转化为能力。
学生应以高三课本为主要教材，在老师的带领下，深入挖掘教材中的语言知识，巩固语言基础，对课本中反复出现的语言知识进行科学归类和巧妙整理，找出其中的规律、抓住线索。复习知识是为了运用知识，而网络化的知识更便于运用，更有利于学科能力的培养。只有经过对所学的教材进行层层挖掘才有希望把知识形成网络。这对其实现知识的迁移有重要的影响，有利于其实际运用能力的提高，并在应考中运用自如。
二、抓语篇学习、重阅读能力
从近几年的高考试题来看，死记硬背，强化训练，沉湎于“题海战术”是难以出好成绩的。将中心和重心放在单项选择上是不合时宜的。因此，要根据自己的实际情况，制定出切实可行的复习计划。做到按部就班，有条不紊，循序渐进。其中，语篇学习最应引起学生的足够重视。
高三课本中文章题材广、内容新颖，知识覆盖面宽。因此，学生应充分利用高三课本中的阅读材料，从文章的内容、文章的结构、作者的观点、态度及相关的背景知识巧妙设置问题，不断提高自己的阅读能力，开拓知识视野。同时，文章的新颖内容还可以提高学生对英语的学习兴趣。
三、精选习题，有效训练
笔者建议学生应有针对性地加强运用练习。期刊文章分类查询,尽在期刊图书馆通过结合高考考点进行针对性训练，在很短的时间内复习完所有的语言知识，提高复习效率，以便有充裕的时间进行听力、完形填空、阅读等专项能力训练和模拟训练，避免在复习课本知识和培养能力之间顾此失彼。在此基础上，通过科学系统的训练，提高英语交际能力，从而收到事半功倍的效果。
初中英语非谓语动词3
1.定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。
2.动词不定式：to + 动词原形(在某些情况下可以不带to )。(没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化)
○1 一般式：主动语态：to do , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2 进行式：主动语态：to be doing , 被动语态：无 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)
○3 完成式：主动语态：to have +动词过去分词，被动语态：to have been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)
○4 用法：
a. 作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It's not easy to learn a foreign language .
b. 作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .
c. 作宾语：
a. 动词+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)
b. 动词+疑问词+to do I don't know where to put the bike .
c. 动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .
d. 作补语：
a. 动词+宾语+to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)
b. 动词+宾语+不带to的动词 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)
e. 作状语：
a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .
b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They aren't old enough to go to school .
c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you .
F.作定语： I have something to tell you . I want to buy something to eat .
○5 动词不定式to 的省略：
a. 在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。
I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .
b.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。
○6 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用-never + to do 结构。
3.动名词：动词原形+ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。
○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的`动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I don't remember having ever seen the film .
○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) I regret not being able to help you .
○4 用法：
a. 作主语：
a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It's very important to learn English .
b. No + 动名词表示“禁止”。No smoking, No parking .
b. 作宾语：He finished doing his homework .
c. 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball .
d. 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名词的用途、功能等)
e. 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fang's opening the window ?
4.分词：动词原形+ing 。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。(可分为现在分词、过去分词)
现在分词
○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)
○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状
态之前就发生)
○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing) No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn't explain the sentence .
○4 用法：
a. 作表语。The result is surprising .
b. 作定语。Developing country (主谓关系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)
c. 作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .
d. 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.
过去分词
○1 形式：规则动词+ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。
○2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。
○3 用法：
a. 作表语：My bike is broken . He is very worried .
b. 作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .
c. 作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .
d. 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday .
初中英语非谓语动词4
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。
(经验)
driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)
(3)不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.--次做两件事等于未做。
what I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
(2)如果主语是不定式(表示条件)，表语也是不定式(表示结果)。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
(3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.
(2)动名词作表语:动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。
注:动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。
动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
people cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected.
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。
一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。
所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。
换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.
这类词常见的有:
Interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
The argument is very convincing.他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
3.不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求:
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补:动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使
初中英语非谓语动词5
一、非谓语动词的概念
动词的基本用法是作谓语。
当句中已经有了谓语动词了，要选或要填的动词就只能用非谓语形式了。
非谓语形式有三种:
1、动词不定式:to do
2、动词的ing : doing
3、 动词的'过去分词:done
二、三种形式的含义(基本用法)
不定式:表示目的和将来;动词的ing:表示主动和进行;过去分词:表示被动和完成。
三、非谓语动词的否定形式
在非谓语动词前加not, never. 即 not / never to do, not / never doing
四、非谓语动词的复合结构
不定式的复合结构:for / of sb. to do sth.
动词 ing 形式的复合结构:宾格或所有格+doing (-ing 形式作主语时，用的所有格+doing)
五、非谓语动词的做题步骤
1、判定是否用非谓语形式。
方法:看看句子中是否已有了谓语动词了
2、找非谓语动词的逻辑主语。
方法:非谓语动词的逻辑主语一般是句子的主语。
3、判断主被动关系。
方法:非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的主动还是被动关系。
4、判断时间关系。
方法:分析句子，看看非谓语动词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前、之后还是同时。
之前常用 done; 之后常用to do; 同时常用doing.
学习非谓语形式时，建议把三种形式一起来比较学习，会更加有效一些。
一、非谓语动词作主语和表语的比较
1、不定式和动名词作主语和表语
a. 不定式表示一次性的、具体的动词。
动词ing 常表示一般的、泛指的或习惯性的动作。
如:
________ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.
a. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk
(分析) a good form 暗示泛指一般的行为，用动名词作主语，选 B
b. 不定式作主语时，常用it 作形式主语，即用句型:It is + adj. / n. + (for / of sb. ) to do sth.
It’s important for us to learn English well.
It’s kind of you to help us.
注意:下面几个句型是用动名词:
It’s no good / use doing sth.
It’s useless doing sth.
There is no need to do sth.
2、不定式、动名词、分词作表语的比较
1、不定式、动名词作表语，.表示主语的内容。
如:
My job is teaching / to teach English. (teaching / to teach English 是my job的内容)
Knowing who we are means knowing what we like to do. (主表语要用同一种形式)
2、 分词作表语
记住:一些表示情感、情绪的动词，常用分词形式作表语。
现在分词表示主语的性质特征，用过去分词表示主语的状态。
常用动词:surprise (使某人吃惊)， surprising (令人吃惊)， surprised (主语)感到吃惊)类似动词有:excite (激动)，astonish (惊奇)，shock (震惊)，scare (惊恐)， disappoint (失望)，move (感动)，
如:The movie is exciting. We are excited at the news.
3、 在seem / appear (似乎，好像)， prove / turn out (被证明是)， remain (仍然是，尚待)等连系动词后，可用不定式作表语。
如:He seemed (to be ) very happy.
初中英语非谓语动词5篇 非谓语动词的三种形式初中
